.!INSTR.RNO - Concise description of the VAX instruction set
.!
.! RUNOFF operation instructions:
.!   This file can either produce a printed document or an entry
.!   for VMS online HELP. Use the command
.!
.!     $ RUNOFF/NOBOLD/NOUNDER/OUT=INSTR.HLP INSTR.RNO
.!
.!   to create the online help entry. INSTR.HLP can be inserted
.!   into any VMS help library. Use the command
.!
.!     $ RUNOFF/OUT=INSTR.MEM/VAR=MANUAL INSTR.RNO
.!
.!   To create a document for printing.
.!   
.if manual
.!
.! We set the layout so that running page numbers are on the bottom
.!
.lo 1,2
.st
.!
.! Initial right margin - sections should never set it higher than this.
.! Set page size too.
.ps 60,70 .rm 70
.!
.! Header level setup
.sthl 6,0,0,8,9,1,1,9,2
.dhl D,D,lu,d,ll,ll
.!
.!
.c; 
.sk 2
.c;THE VAX INSTRUCTION SET
.title VAX INSTRUCTION SET
.sk 2
.c;Ned Freed, 18-Jan-1985
.c;MATHLIB Project
.c;Harvey Mudd College
.sk 3
.else manual
.NO NUMBER .NO PAGING .STHL 5,1,1
.endif manual
.!
.ifnot manual
1 Instruction_Set
.br
This help file describes the formats and types of available
VAX-11 machine instructions. To use this help facility, just
specify the specific instruction to be described as a subtopic.
.s 1
These descriptions are adapted from the VAX-11 Architecture
Handbook, with the addition of some extra tables. All instruction timing
measurements were done either by Oregon Software or by Digital.
.else manual
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*Overview\*
.restore
This document describes the instruction set of the VAX-11 computer.
These descriptions are useful both to the assembly language programmer
and to the high-level language programmer who wishes to examine the
machine code produced for his or her program. All the VAX/VMS compilers will
optionally list the generated machine instructions.
.s 1
These descriptions are adapted from the ^&VAX-11 Architecture
Handbook\&. This document is more concise and is better organized
(alphabetically by instruction) than the original handbook. In
addition some new tables are included.
.endif manual
.s 1
At the present time the instructions EDITPC, INSQHI [780-12.80],
.index ^Instructions, machine><EDITPC
INSQTI [780-14.00, 750-15.07, 730-26.89]
.index ^Instructions, machine><INSQTI
.index ^Instructions, machine><INSQHI
.index ^Instructions, machine><REMQTI
.index ^Instructions, machine><REMQHI
[780F-14.00, 750F-15.07, 730F-27.51],
REMQHI [780-11.60] and REMQTI [780-13.00] are not included.
.if manual
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*Instruction timing measurements\*
.restore
.else manual
.br
2 Timing
.br
.endif manual
.if manual
One key piece of information not provided by Digital for their
various VAX processors is timing
measurements for all instructions. Such measurements are very
useful when estimating code execution time or attempting to build
a new code generator. Fortunately such
.else manual
Timing
.endif manual
measurements have been done for various VAX processors by both
Oregon Software and Digital (inhouse).
These execution times are included for many of the instructions
described. They are enclosed in square brackets (for example, [780-1.80])
next to the opcode they apply to. The first number indicates the VAX processor
type for the time, while the second number is the actual time expressed in
microseconds. A "F" after the processor number indicates the presence of
the FPA option (floating point accelerator).
.s 1
All instruction time are base times, i.e. the
operands to the instruction may add additional execution time.
The amount of time a given operand adds to an instruction is
listed separately. For example, a "MOVL (Rn)+,@(RN)+" on a#780 would
take#0.40 for the MOVL,#0.40 for the (Rn)+ and#1.00 for the
@(Rn)+, for a total of#1.80 microseconds.
.s 1
Special conditions for timing and additional timing measurements
will sometimes be listed in the notes section for an instruction.
.s 1
All the timings are approximate and should only be used to obtain
a rough approximation of execution time. The operation of processor
cache and pipelining will cause actual times to vary from the
measured ones.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*Timing for operands\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
.br
2 Operand__timing
.br
.endif manual
Operand timing was done based primarily
on the MOVL and ADDL instructions. While
this may not be precise when applied to other instructions, it has
proven to be fairly accurate. Note however that these times are only
approximate -- an operand's speed may vary depending on the instruction and
the position of the operand in the instruction.
.s 1 .test page 11
Source mode times for a 780 with or without FPA:
.nf .rm 74 .s 1 .index ^Instructions, machine>^Operand>^Source mode
S_^_#literal . . .[0.00]  (Rn) . . . . . .[0.40]  -(Rn)  . . . . .[0.40]
(Rn)+  . . . . .[0.40]  @(Rn)+ . . . . .[1.00]  B_^D(Rn)  . . . .[0.40]
W_^D(Rn)  . . . .[0.40]  L_^D(Rn)  . . . .[0.80]  @B_^D(Rn) . . . .[1.00]
@W_^D(Rn) . . . .[1.00]  @L_^D(Rn) . . . .[1.40]  _#literal . . . .[0.80]
@_#address  . . .[0.80]  (Rn)[Rn] . . . .[1.00]  -(Rn)[Rn]  . . .[1.00]
(Rn)+[Rn]  . . .[1.00]  @(Rn)+[Rn] . . .[1.40]  B_^D(Rn)[Rn]  . .[1.00]
W_^D(Rn)[Rn]  . .[1.00]  L_^D(Rn)[Rn]  . .[0.80]  @B_^D(Rn)[Rn] . .[1.40]
@W_^D(Rn)[Rn] . .[1.40]  @L_^D(Rn)[Rn] . .[1.40]  @_#address[Rn]  .[1.00]
.s 1 .test page 11
Destination mode times for a 780 with or without FPA:
.s 1 .index ^Instructions, machine>^Operand>^Destination mode
(Rn) . . . . . .[0.40]  -(Rn)  . . . . .[0.40]  (Rn)+  . . . . .[0.60]
@(Rn)+ . . . . .[1.00]  B_^D(Rn)  . . . .[0.40]  W_^D(Rn)  . . . .[0.60]
L_^D(Rn)  . . . .[0.60]  @B_^D(Rn) . . . .[1.00]  @W_^D(Rn) . . . .[1.20]
@L_^D(Rn) . . . .[1.20]  @_#address  . . .[0.60]  (Rn)[Rn] . . . .[1.00]
-(Rn)[Rn]  . . .[1.00]  (Rn)+[Rn]  . . .[1.00]  @(Rn)+[Rn] . . .[1.40]
B_^D(Rn)[Rn]  . .[1.00]  W_^D(Rn)[Rn]  . .[1.00]  L_^D(Rn)[Rn]  . .[0.60]
@B_^D(Rn)[Rn] . .[1.40]  @W_^D(Rn)[Rn] . .[1.40]  @L_^D(Rn)[Rn] . .[1.40]
@_#address[Rn]  .[1.00]
.s 1 .test page 6
Source mode times for a 750 with or without FPA:
.s 1 .index ^Instructions, machine>^Operand>^Source mode
(Rn) . . . . . .[0.20]  B_^D(Rn)  . . . .[0.40]  B_^W(Rn)  . . . .[0.70]
(RN)[Rn] . . . .[0.90]
.s 1 .test page 6
Destination mode times for a 750 with or without FPA:
.s 1 .index ^Instructions, machine>^Operand>^Destination mode
(Rn) . . . . . .[0.70]
.s 1 .test page 6
Source mode times for a 730 with or without FPA:
.s 1 .index ^Instructions, machine>^Operand>^Source mode
(Rn) . . . . . .[0.70]  B_^D(Rn)  . . . .[1.20]  B_^W(Rn)  . . . .[3.00]
(RN)[Rn] . . . .[2.63]
.s 1 .test page 6
Destination mode times for a 730 with or without FPA:
.s 1 .index ^Instructions, machine>^Operand>^Destination mode
(Rn) . . . . . .[1.70]
.if manual
.test page 10 .send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*ACB instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><ACB
.else manual
2 ACB
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        add compare and branch - maintain loop count
                and loop
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode limit.rx,add.rx,index.rx,displ.bw
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      index = index + add; if {{add GEQ 0} AND {index LEQ
                limit}} OR {{add LSS 0} AND {index GEQ limit}} then
                PC = PC + SEXT (displ)
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {index LSS 0}, Z = {index EQL 0}, C = C,
                V = {integer or floating overflow}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Integer or floating overflow, floating
                underflow, reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        9D    ACBB     Add compare and branch byte [780-3.00]
                3D    ACBW     Add compare and branch word [780-3.00]
                F1    ACBL     Add compare and branch long [780-3.00]
                4F    ACBF     Add compare and branch F__floating
                6F    ACBD     Add compare and branch D__floating
                4FFD  ACBG     Add compare and branch G__floating
                6FFD  ACBH     Add compare and branch H__floating
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    add is added to index and index is replaced by the
                result. index is compared with limit. If add is
                greater than or equal to zero and the comparison is
                less than or equal to zero or if add is less than
                zero and the comparison is greater than or equal,
                the branch is taken. The condition codes are
                unpredictable on a reserved operand fault.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          The times listed for the integer instructions assume
                a positive displacement and the branch is taken. For
                other integer cases (all lengths are the same):
                Pos. dis. branch not taken = [780-2.60]
                Neg. dis. branch taken     = [780-2.80]
                Neg. dis. branch not taken = [780-2.40]
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*ADAWI instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><ADAWI
.else manual
2 ADAWI
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        add aligned word interlocked - maintain operating
                system resource usage counts
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode add.rw,sum.mw
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      tmp = add; {set interlock}; sum = sum + tmp;
                {release interlock}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {sum LSS 0}, Z = {sum EQL 0},
                V = {integer overflow}, C = {carry from MSB}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand fault, integer overflow
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         58    ADAWI    Add aligned word interlocked [780-3.20]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The add operand is added to sum and sum is replaced
                by the result. The operation is interlocked against
                ADAWI operations by other processors or devices in
                the system. The destination must be aligned on a
                word boundary, i.e. bit zero of sum's address must
                be zero. A reserved operand fault is taken if it
                is not.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          Integer overflow occurs if the input operands have the
                same sign and the result has the opposite sign. On
                overflow, sum is replaced by the low order bits of the
                true result. If add and sum overlap, the result and
		condition codes are unpredictable.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*ADDxx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 ADDxx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        perform arithmetic addition
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode add.rx,sum.mx                        ;2 operand
                opcode add1.rx,add2.rx,sum.wx               ;3 operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      sum = sum + add                             ;2 operand
                sum = add1 + add2                           ;3 operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {sum LSS 0}, Z = {sum EQL 0}, V = {overflow},
                C = 0 (floating), C = {carry from MSB} (integer)
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Integer or floating overflow, floating
                underflow, reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        80    ADDB2    Add byte 2 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><ADDB2
			       [780-0.40, 750-0.94, 730-2.88]
			       [780F-0.40, 750F-0.94, 730F-2.83]
                81    ADDB3    Add byte 3 operand [780-0.60]
.index ^Instructions, machine><ADDB3
                A0    ADDW2    Add word 2 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><ADDW2
			       [780-0.40, 750-0.93, 730-2.69]
			       [780F-0.40, 750F-0.93, 730-2.65]
                A1    ADDW3    Add word 3 operand [780-0.60]
.index ^Instructions, machine><ADDW3
                C0    ADDL2    Add long 2 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><ADDL2
			       [780-0.40, 750-0.93, 730-2.53]
			       [780F-0.40, 750F-0.93, 730F-2.49]
                C1    ADDL3    Add long 3 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><ADDL3
			       [780-0.60, 750-1.29, 730-2.88]
			       [780F-0.60, 750F-1.29, 730F-2.83]
                40    ADDF2    Add F__floating 2 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><ADDF2
			       [780-2.21, 750-8.76, 730-39.95]
			       [780F-0.80, 750F-1.32, 730F-6.39]
                41    ADDF3    Add F__floating 3 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><ADDF3
                60    ADDD2    Add D__floating 2 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><ADDD2
			       [780-9.44, 750-14.41, 730-61.85]
			       [780F-1.40, 750F-2.51, 730F-12.85]
                61    ADDD3    Add D__floating 3 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><ADDD3
                40FD  ADDG2    Add G__floating 2 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><ADDG2
			       [780-14.46, 750-24.65, 730-64.41]
			       [780F-14.47, 750F-24.65, 730F-16.40]
                41FD  ADDG3    Add G__floating 3 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><ADDG3
                60FD  ADDH2    Add H__floating 2 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><ADDH2
			       [780-27.53, 750-38.39, 730-98.60]
			       [780F-27.54, 750F-38.39, 730F-23.81]
                61FD  ADDH3    Add H__floating 3 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><ADDH3
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*ADDPx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 ADDPx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        add one packed decimal string to another
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode addlen.rw,addaddr.ab,
                  sumlen.rw, sumaddr.ab                     ;4 operand
                opcode add1len.rw,add1addr.ab,add2len.rw,
                  add2addr.ab,sumlen.rw,sumaddr.ab          ;6 operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      {sum string} = {sum string} +
                  {add string}                              ;4 operand
                {sum string} = {add1 string} +
                  {add2 string}                             ;6 operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {{sum string} LSS 0}, Z = {{sum string} EQL 0},
                V = {decimal overflow}, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand, decimal overflow
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        80    ADDP4    Add packed 4 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><ADDP4
			       [780-14.89, 750-27.02, 730-84.96]
			       [780F-14.89, 750F-27.02, 730F-86.95]
                81    ADDP6    Add packed 6 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><ADDP6
			       [780-18.10, 750-30.78, 730-92.94]
			       [780F-18.10, 750F-30.78, 730F-91.89]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    In 4 operand format, the addend string as specified
                by addlen and addaddr is added to the sum string
                specified by sumlen and sumaddr, and sum is replaced
                by the result. In 6 operand format, the addend 1
                string specified by add1len and add1addr is added to
                the addend 2 string specified by add2len and
                add2addr, and the sum string is replaced by the
                result.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          After ADDP4, R0 = 0, R1 = address of the most
                significant digit of the addend, R2 = 0, R3 =
                address of the most significant digit of the sum.
                After ADDP6, R0 = 0, R1 = address of MSD of addend1,
                R2 = 0, R3 = address of the MSD of addend2, R4 = 0,
                R5 = address of the MSD of sum. The times shown are
		for 7 digit operands, the times for 18 digit
		operands are:
		  ADDP4 - [780-35.39, 750-57.25, 730-152.20]
			  [780F-35.39, 750F-57.25, 730F-149.42]
		  ADDP6 - [780-40.27, 750-60.97, 730-160.50]
			  [780F-40.25, 750F-60.97, 730F-158.27]
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*ADWC instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><ADWC
.else manual
2 ADWC
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        add with carry - perform extended-precision addition
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode add.rl,sum.ml
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      sum = sum + add + C
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {sum LSS 0}, Z = {sum EQL 0},
                V = {integer overflow}, C = {carry from MSB}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Integer overflow
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         D8    ADWC     Add with carry [780-0.40]
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*AOBLxx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 AOBLxx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        add one and branch - increment integer loop count
                and loop
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode limit.rl,index.ml,displ.bb
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      index = index + 1; if {{AOBLSS} and {index LSS
                limit}} or {{AOBLEQ} and {index LEQ limit}} then
                PC = PC + SEXT (displ)
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {index LSS 0}, Z = {index EQL 0},
                V = {integer overflow}, C = C
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Integer overflow
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        F2    AOBLSS   Add one, branch less than [780-1.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><AOBLSS
                F3    AOBLEQ   Add one, branch less or equal
.index ^Instructions, machine><AOBLEQ
			       [780-1.40]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          The instruction times shown assume the branch is
		taken. If the branch is not taken the time for both
		AOB instructions is [780-1.00].
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*ASHx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 ASHx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        shift of integer
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode cnt.rb,src.rx,dst.wx
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      dst = src shifted cnt bits
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0},
                V = {integer overflow}, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Integer overflow
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        78    ASHL     Arithmetic shift long
.index ^Instructions, machine><ASHL
			       [780-2.00, 750-4.03, 730-11.49]
			       [780F-2.00, 750F-4.03, 730F-11.33]
                79    ASHQ     Arithmetic shift quad [780-3.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><ASHQ
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    src is arithmetically shifted by the number of bits
                specified by cnt and the result is placed in dst.
                Positive cnt shifts left bringing 0's into the LSB.
                Negative cnt shifts right bringing copies of the MSB
                into the MSB. Zero cnt copies dst to src unaffected.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          Integer overflow occurs on a left shift if the final
                MSB of dst differs from src. On overflow dst
                receives the low order bits of the correct result.
                Times listed are for a shift of 10. Tests on 780's
		show that shifts of 1 or 31 take the same time as
		a shift of 10. Times for a shift of -31 are ASHL
		[780-1.80] and ASHQ [780-3.00]. No other shift
                distances were timed.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*ASHP instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><ASHP
.else manual
2 ASHP
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        arithmetic shift and round packed - scale numeric
                content of a packed decimal string by a power of ten
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode cnt.rb,srclen.rw,srcaddr.ab,round.rb,
                  dstlen.rw,dstaddr.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      {dst string} = {{src string} + {round _<3:0_>*
                (10**(-cnt-1))}} * (10**cnt);
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {{dst string} LSS 0}, Z = {{dst string} EQL 0},
                V = {decimal overflow}, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand, decimal overflow
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        F8    ASHP     Arithmetic shift packed
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    src as specified by srclen and srcaddr is scaled by
                a power of 10 specified by cnt. dst is replaced by
                the result. A positive cnt effectively multiplies,
                a negative cnt effectively divides and a zero cnt
                just moves src to dst while affecting the condition
                codes. If cnt is negative the result is rounded
                using round.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          After execution R0 = 0, R1 = address of the byte of
                the most significant digit of src, R2 = 0, R3 =
                address of the most significant digit of dst. All
                condition codes and R0-R3 are unpredictable if src
                overlaps dst, src contains an invalid nibble, or a
                reserved operand exception occurs. When cnt is
                negative the result is rounded by adding bits 3:0 of
                round to the most significant low order digit
                discarded and propogating any carry through to
                higher order digits of dst. If bits 7:4 of round are
                nonzero or if 3:0 contain an illegal packed decimal
                digit the result is unpredictable. round should
                normally be 5, or 0 if truncation is desired.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*Bxxx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 Bxxx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        branch - test condition code(s)
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode displ.bb
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      if {condition} then PC = {PC + SEXT (displ)}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       Not affected
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        12 {Z EQL 0}        BNEQ  Branch not equal (s)
.index ^Instructions, machine><BNEQ
                                    BNEQU Branch not equal (u)
.index ^Instructions, machine><BNEQU
                13 {Z EQL 1}        BEQL  Branch equal (s)
.index ^Instructions, machine><BEQL
                                    BEQLU Branch equal (u)
.index ^Instructions, machine><BEQLU
                14 {(N OR Z) EQL 0} BGTR  Branch greater than (s)
.index ^Instructions, machine><BGTR
                15 {(N OR Z) EQL 1} BLEQ  Branch less or equal (s)
.index ^Instructions, machine><BLEQ
                18 {N EQL 0}        BGEQ  Branch greater, equal (s)
.index ^Instructions, machine><BGEQ
                19 {N EQL 1}        BLSS  Branch less than (s)
.index ^Instructions, machine><BLSS
                1A {(C OR Z) EQL 0} BGTRU Branch greater than (u)
.index ^Instructions, machine><BGTRU
                1B {(C OR Z) EQL 1} BLEQU Branch less or equal (u)
.index ^Instructions, machine><BLEQU
                1C {V EQL 0}        BVC   Branch overflow clear
.index ^Instructions, machine><BVX
                1D {V EQL 1}        BVS   Branch overflow set
.index ^Instructions, machine><BVS
                1E {C EQL 0}        BGEQU Branch greater, equal (u)
.index ^Instructions, machine><BGEQU
                                    BCC   Branch carry clear
.index ^Instructions, machine><BCC
                1F {C EQL 1}        BLSSU Branch less than (u)
.index ^Instructions, machine><BLSSU
                                    BCS   Branch carry set
.index ^Instructions, machine><BCS
                legend: s - signed, u - unsigned
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The condition codes are tested and if the condition
                indicated by the instruction is met, the sign
                extended branch displacement is added to the PC. The
                times are [780-0.60] if the branch is taken and
		[780-0.40] if it is not for all the instructions.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*BBx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 BBx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        branch on bit - test selected bit
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode pos.rl,base.ab,displ.bb
.if manual
.s 1
.test page 3
.endif manual
Operation:      teststate = {if {BBS} then 1 else 0}; if {FIELD
                (pos, 1, base) EQL teststate} then PC = {PC +
                SEXT (displ)}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       Unaffected
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        E0    BBS      Branch on bit set
.index ^Instructions, machine><BBS
			       [780-1.40, 750-2.32, 730-5.17]
			       [780F-1.41, 750F-2.32, 730F-5.10]
                E1    BBC      Branch on bit clear
.index ^Instructions, machine><BBC
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The single bit field specified by pos and base is
                tested. If it is in the test state indicated by the
                instruction, the sign extended branch displacement
                is added to PC and the result is placed in PC.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          A reserved operand fault occurs if pos GTRU 31 and
                the bit is contained in a register. The times shown
                above are valid if the branch is not taken.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*BBxx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 BBxx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        branch on bit - test and modify selected bit
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode pos.rl,base.ab,displ.bb
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      teststate = if {BBSS or BBSC} then 1 else 0;
                newstate = if {BBSS or BBCS} then 1 else 0; temp =
                FIELD (pos, 1, base); FIELD (pos, 1, base) =
                newstate; if temp EQL teststate then PC = {PC +
                SEXT (displ)}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       Unaffected
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        E2    BBSS     Branch on bit set and set
.index ^Instructions, machine><BBSS
                E3    BBCS     Branch on bit clear and set
.index ^Instructions, machine><BBCS
                E4    BBSC     Branch on bit set and clear
.index ^Instructions, machine><BBSC
                E5    BBCC     Branch on bit clear and clear
.index ^Instructions, machine><BBCC
			       [780-1.60, 750-2.90, 730-6.61]
			       [780F-1.60, 750F-2.90, 730F-6.53]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The single bit field specified by pos and base is
                tested. If it is in the test state indicated by the
                instruction, the sign extended branch displacement
                is added to PC and placed in PC. Regardless of
                whether the branch is taken or not, the tested bit
                is put in the new state as indicated by the
                instruction.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          A reserved operand fault occurs if pos GTRU 31 and
                the bit is contained in a register. The times shown
                above are valid if the branch is not taken.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*BBxxI instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 BBxxI
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        branch on bit interlocked - test and modify selected
                bit under memory interlock.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode pos.rl,base.ab,displ.bb
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      teststate = if {BBSSI} then 1 else 0; newstate =
                teststate; {set interlock}; temp = FIELD (pos,
                1, base); FIELD (pos, 1, base) = newstate; {release
                interlock}; if temp EQL teststate then PC =
                {PC + SEXT(displ)}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       Not affected
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        E6    BBSSI    Branch bit set, set interlocked
.index ^Instructions, machine><BBSSI
                E7    BBCCI    Branch bit clear, clear interlocked
.index ^Instructions, machine><BBCCI
			       [780-1.60, 750-2.90, 730-6.88]
			       [780F-1.60, 750F-2.90, 730F-6.79]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The single bit field specified by pos and base is
                tested. If it is in the state indicated by the
                instruction, the sign extended branch displacement
                displ is added to PC. The bit is set to the state
                indicated by the instruction. The operation is
                interlocked against other processors or devices in
                the system. The times indicated reflect the branch
                not being taken.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*BICxx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 BICxx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        bit clear - perform complemented AND of two integers
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode mask.rx,dst.mx                       ;2 operand
                opcode mask.rx,src.rx,dst.rx                ;3 operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      dst = dst AND {NOT mask}                    ;2 operand
                dst = src AND {NOT mask}                    ;3 operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        8A    BICB2    Bit clear byte, 2 operand [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><BICB2
                8B    BICB3    Bit clear byte, 3 operand [780-0.60]
.index ^Instructions, machine><BICB3
                AA    BICW2    Bit clear word, 2 operand [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><BICW2
                AB    BICW3    Bit clear word, 3 operand [780-0.60]
.index ^Instructions, machine><BICW3
                CA    BICL2    Bit clear long, 2 operand [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><BICL2
                CB    BICL3    Bit clear long, 3 operand [780-0.60]
.index ^Instructions, machine><BICL3
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    In 2 operand format, dst is ANDed with the ones
                complement of mask and dst is replaced by the result.
                In 3 operand format, src is ANDed with the ones
		complement of mask and dst is replaced by the result.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*BICPSW instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><BICPSW
.else manual
2 BICPSW
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        bit clear PSW - clear trap enables
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode mask.rw
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      PSW = {PSW AND {NOT mask}}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = N AND {NOT mask_<3_>}; Z = Z AND {NOT mask_<2_>}
                V = V AND {NOT mask_<1_>}; C = C AND {NOT mask_<0_>}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         B8    BICPSW   Bit clear PSW [780-1.00]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The PSW is ANDed with the complement of mask and PSW
                is replaced by the result.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          A reserved operand fault occurs if mask_<15:8_> is
                not zero.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*BISxx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 BISxx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        bit set - perform logical inclusive OR of two
                integers
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode mask.rx,dst.mx                       ;2 operand
                opcode mask.rx,src.rx,dst.rx                ;3 operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      dst = dst OR mask                           ;2 operand
                dst = src OR mask                           ;3 operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        88    BISB2    Bit set byte, 2 operand [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><BISB2
                89    BISB3    Bit set byte, 3 operand [780-0.60]
.index ^Instructions, machine><BISB3
                A8    BISW2    Bit set word, 2 operand [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><BISW2
                A9    BISW3    Bit set word, 3 operand [780-0.60]
.index ^Instructions, machine><BISW3
                C8    BISL2    Bit set long, 2 operand [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><BISL2
                C9    BISL3    Bit set long, 3 operand [780-0.60]
.index ^Instructions, machine><BISL3
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    In 2 operand format, dst is ORed with mask and dst
                is replaced by the result. In 3 operand format, src
                is ORed with mask and dst is replaced by the result.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*BISPSW instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><BISPSW
.else manual
2 BISPSW
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        bit set PSW - set trap enables
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode mask.rw
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      PSW = PSW OR mask
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = N OR mask_<3_>; Z = Z OR mask_<2_>
                V = V OR mask_<1_>; C = C OR mask_<0_>
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         B8    BISPSW   Bit set PSW [780-1.00]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The PSW is ORed with mask and PSW is replaced by the
                result.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          A reserved operand fault occurs if mask_<15:8_> is not
                zero.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*BITx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 BITx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        test a set of bits for all zero
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode mask.rx,src.rx
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      tmp = {src AND mask}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {tmp LSS 0}, Z = {tmp EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        93    BITB     Bit test byte [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><BITB
                B3    BITW     Bit test word [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><BITW
                D3    BITL     Bit test long [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><BITL
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    mask is ANDed with src. Both operands are unaffected.
		The only action is to affect the condition codes.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*BLBx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 BLBx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        branch on low bit - test bit
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode src.rl,displ.bb
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      teststate = if {BLBS} then 1 else 0; if src_<0_>
                EQL teststate then PC = {PC + SEXT (displ)}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       Not affected
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        E8    BLBS     Branch on low bit set [780-1.00]
.index ^Instructions, machine><BLBS
                E9    BLBC     Branch on low bit clear [780-1.00]
.index ^Instructions, machine><BLBC
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The LSB of src is tested and if it is equal to the
                test state indicated by the instruction, the branch
                is taken.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          src is taken in longword context although only one
                bit is tested. The times shown are for successful
                branching. If the branch is not tken the time for
                both instructions is [780-0.60].
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*BPT instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><BPT
.else manual
2 BPT
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        breakpoint trap - stop for debugging
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      PSL_<TP_> = 0; {breakpoint fault}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = 0, Z = 0, V = 0, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         03    BPT      Breakpoint fault
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    This instruction is used, together with the T-bit,
                to implement debugging facilities.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*BR instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><BR
.else manual
2 BR
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        transfer control (branch)
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode displ.bx
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      PC = PC + SEXT (displ)
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       Not affected
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        11    BRB      Branch with byte displacement
			       [780-0.60]
                31    BRW      Branch with word displacement
			       [780-0.80, 750-2.01, 730-2.61]
			       [780F-0.80, 750F-2.01, 730F-2.57]
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*BSBx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 BSBx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        branch to subroutine - transfer control to subroutine
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode displ.bx
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      -(SP) = PC; PC = {PC + SEXT (displ)}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       Not affected
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        10    BSBB     Branch to sub., byte displ. [780-1.20]
.index ^Instructions, machine><BSBB
                30    BSBW     Branch to sub., word displ. [780-1.20]
.index ^Instructions, machine><BSBW
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    PC is pushed onto the stack as a longword and the
                branch is taken.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*BUGx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 BUG
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        bugcheck
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      {fault to report error}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       not affected
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved instruction
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        FEFF  BUGW     Bugcheck with word message identifier
.index ^Instructions, machine><BUGW
                FDFF  BUGL     Bugcheck with longword message id
.index ^Instructions, machine><BUGL
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The hardware treats these opcodes as RESERVED to
                Digital and faults. The VAX/VMS operating system
                treats these as requests to report software-detected
                errors. The in-line message identifier is zero
                extended to a longword and interpreted as a
                condition value. If the process is privileged to
                report bugs, a log entry is made. If the process is
                not privileged, a reserved instruction is signalled.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*CALLG instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><CALLG
.else manual
2 CALLG
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        call with general argument list - invoke a procedure
                with actual arguments from anywhere in memory
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode arglist.ab,dst.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      {align stack}; {create stack frame}; {set arithmetic
                trap enables}; {set new values of AP, FP, PC}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = 0, Z = 0, V = 0, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         FA    CALLG    Call proc., general arglist [780-9.40]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    SP is saved in a temporary (tmp) and then bits 1:0
                of SP are cleared so the stack is longword aligned.
                The procedure entry mask (pointed to by dst) is
                scanned from bit 11 to bit 0 and the contents of the
                registers whose numbers correspond to set bits in
                the mask are pushed on the stack as longwords. Next
                AP, FP and the current PC are pushed onto the stack
                as longwords. The condition codes are cleared. A
                longword containing the saved two low bits of SP in
                bits 31:30 (tmp), 0 in bits 29:28, the low 12 bits
                of the entry mask in bits 27:16 and the PSW in bits
                15:0 with T cleared is pushed on the stack. A
                longword 0 is pushed on the stack (for the condition
                handler). FP is replaced by SP, AP is replaced by
                arglist. The trap enables in PSW are set to a known
                state. Integer and decimal overflow are set
                according to bits 14 and 15 of the entry mask
                respectively. The floating underflow bit is cleared
                and the T-bit is unaffected. PC is replaced by dst +
                2, skipping the entry mask and transferring control
                to the byte beyond the mask.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          If bits 13:12 of the entry mask are not zero, a
                reserved operand fault occurs and the condition
                codes will be unpredictable. The procedure calling
                standard specifies that any procedure must preserve
                the values of R2 through R11 (via the entry mask),
                and R0 and R1 are never preserved. The time shown
                for CALLG assumes no registers are saved. If R0
                through R9 are saved the time is [780-23.40]. If
		no registers are saved a CALLG followed immediately
		by a RET requires:
		[780-13.88, 750-19.41, 730-36.78]
		[780F-13.87, 750F-19.41, 730F-37.65]
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*CALLS instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><CALLS
.else manual
2 CALLS
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        call with stack argument list - invoke a procedure
                with actual arguments on the stack
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode numarg.rl,dst.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      {push arg count}; {align stack}; {create stack
                frame}; {set arithmetic trap enables}; {set new
                values of AP, FP, PC}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = 0, Z = 0, V = 0, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         FB    CALLS    Call proc. with stack arglist
			       [780-9.80]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    numarg is pushed on the stack as a longword (byte 0
                contains the number of arguments, the high-order 24
                bits are used by Digital software), SP is saved in a
                temporary (tmp) and then bits 1:0 of SP are cleared
                so the stack is longword aligned. The procedure
                entry mask (pointed to by dst) is scanned from bit
                11 to bit 0 and the contents of the registers whose
                numbers correspond to set bits in the mask are
                pushed on the stack as longwords. AP, FP and the
                current PC are pushed onto the stack as longwords.
                The condition codes are cleared. A longword
                containing the saved two low bits of SP in bits
                31:30 (tmp), 1 in bit 29, a 0 in bit 28, the low 12
                bits of the entry mask in bits 27:16 and the PSW in
                bits 15:0 with T cleared is pushed on the stack. A
                longword 0 is pushed on the stack (for the condition
                handler address within the procedure). FP is
                replaced by SP, AP is set to the saved SP (value of
                SP after numarg was pushed. The trap enables in PSW
                are set to a known state. Integer and decimal
                overflow are set according to bits 14 and 15 of the
                entry mask respectively. The floating underflow bit
                is cleared and the T-bit is unaffected. PC is
                replaced by dst + 2, skipping the entry mask and
                transferring control to the byte beyond the mask.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          If bits 13:12 of the entry mask are not zero, a
                reserved operand fault occurs and the condition
                codes will be unpredictable. The procedure calling
                standard specifies that any procedure must preserve
                the values of R2 through R11 (via the entry mask),
                and R0 and R1 are never preserved. The normal
                practice with CALLS is to push arguments onto the
                stack in reverse order. On return the argument list
                is removed from the stack automatically. The time
                shown for CALLS assumes no registers are saved.
                If R0 through R9 are saved the time is [780-24.40].
		If no registers are saved a CALLS with no arguments
		immediately followed by a RET requires:
		[780-14.76, 750-20.87, 730-37.15]
		[780F-14.75, 750F-20.87, 730F-36.61]
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*CASEx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 CASEx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        perform multi-way branching depending on arithmetic
                input
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode selector.rx,base.rx,limit.rx,disp[0].bw,...,
                disp[limit].bw
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      tmp = selector - base; PC = PC + if tmp LEQU limit
                then SEXT (displ[tmp]) else {2 + 2*ZEXT (limit)}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {tmp LSS limit}, Z = {tmp EQL limit}, V = 0,
                C = {tmp LSSU limit}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        8F    CASEB    Case byte [780-2.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><CASEB
                AF    CASEW    Case word [780-2.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><CASEW
                CF    CASEL    Case long [780-2.20]
.index ^Instructions, machine><CASEL
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    base is subtracted from selector and tmp is replaced
                by the result. The temporary tmp is compared with
                limit and if it is less than or equal (unsigned) a
                branch displacement is selected by tmp added to PC
                and PC is replaced by the result. Otherwise 2 *
                (limit+1) is added to PC and the result is placed
                in PC. This causes PC to be moved past the table of
                branch displacements. The condition codes are always
                affected by the comparison of tmp with limit.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          The times shown assume the branch is taken. If the
                branch is not taken the time for all CASE
                instructions is [780-2.20].
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*CHMx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 CHMx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        request the services of more privileged software
                by changing the process mode
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode code.rw
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      tmp1 = {mode selected by opcode (K = 0, E = 1,
                S = 2, U = 3)}; tmp2 = MINU(tmp1,PSL_<CUR__MOD_>);
                {maximize privilege}; tmp3 = SEXT(code); if
                {PSL_<IS_> EQLU 1} then HALT; PSL_<CUR__MOD_>__SP = SP
                tmp4 = tmp2__sp; PROBEW (from tmp4 - 1 to tmp4 - 12
                with mode = tmp2); if {access violation} then
                {initiate access violation fault}; if {translation
                not valid} then {initiate translation not valid};
                {initiate CHMx exception with new__mode = tmp2
                and parameter = tmp3 using 40 + tmp1*4 as SCB offset
                using tmp4 as the new SP and not storing SP again}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = 0, Z = 0, V = 0, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Halt
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        BC    CHMK     Change mode to kernel
.index ^Instructions, machine><CHMK
                BD    CHME     Change mode to executive
.index ^Instructions, machine><CHME
                BE    CHMS     Change mode to supervisor
.index ^Instructions, machine><CHMS
                BF    CHMU     Change mode to user
.index ^Instructions, machine><CHMU
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    Change mode instructions allow processes to change
                their access mode in a controlled manner. The
                instructions only increase privilege. A change in
                mode also results in a change of stack pointers;
                the old pointer is saved, the new pointer is loaded.
                The PSL, PC and any code passed by the instruction
                are pushed on the new stack. The code is sign
                extended. The destination mode selected by the
                opcode is used to select a vector from the System
                Control Block. Software convention reserves the
                negative code values to customers, positive
                code values to Digital.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*CLRx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 CLRx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        clear or zero a scalar quantity
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode dst.wx
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      dst = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = 0, Z = 1, V = 0, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        94    CLRB     Clear byte [780-0.60]
.index ^Instructions, machine><CLRB
                B4    CLRW     Clear word [780-0.60]
.index ^Instructions, machine><CLRW
                D4    CLRL     Clear long
.index ^Instructions, machine><CLRL
			       [780-0.60, 750-1.00, 730-1.40]
			       [780F-0.60, 750F-1.00, 730F-1.27]
                7C    CLRQ     Clear quad
.index ^Instructions, machine><CLRQ
			       [780-1.20, 750-1.32, 730-4.02]
			       [780F-1.20, 750F-1.32, 730F-4.02]
                7CFD  CLRO     Clear octa
.index ^Instructions, machine><CLRO
                D4    CLRF     Clear F__floating [780-0.60]
.index ^Instructions, machine><CLRF
                7C    CLRD     Clear D__floating [780-1.20]
.index ^Instructions, machine><CLRD
                7C    CLRG     Clear G__floating [780-1.20]
.index ^Instructions, machine><CLRG
                7CFD  CLRH     Clear H__floating
.index ^Instructions, machine><CLRH
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The destination operand is replaced by 0.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          CLRx is equivalent to MOVx S_^_#0,dst, but it
                is shorter.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*CMPx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 CMPx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        arithmetic comparison between two scalar quantities
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode scr1.rx,src2.rx
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      src1 - src2
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {src1 LSS src2}, Z = {src1 EQL src2},
                V = 0, C = {src1 LSSU src2} (integer),
                C = 0 (floating)
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None (integer), reserved operand (floating)
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        91    CMPB     Compare byte [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><CMPB
                B1    CMPW     Compare word [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><CMPW
                D1    CMPL     Compare long [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><CMPL
                51    CMPF     Compare F__floating [780-1.60]
.index ^Instructions, machine><CMPF
                71    CMPD     Compare D__floating [780-3.00]
.index ^Instructions, machine><CMPD
                51FD  CMPG     Compare G__floating
.index ^Instructions, machine><CMPG
                71FD  CMPH     Compare H__floating
.index ^Instructions, machine><CMPH
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    src1 is compared with src2. The only action is to
                affect the condition codes.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          On a floating reserved operand fault, the
                condition codes are unpredictable.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*CMPCx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 CMPCx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        compare two character strings
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode len.rw,src1addr.ab,src2addr.ab       ;3 operand
                opcode src1len.rw,src1addr.ab,fill.rb       ;5 operand
                  src2len.rw,src2addr.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      {compare two strings with optional filling}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       [final codes reflect last affecting of codes
                 in the operation.]
                N = {{first byte} LSS {second byte}}, Z =
                {{first byte} EQL {second byte}}, V = 0,
                C = {{first byte} LSSU {second byte}}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        29    CMPC3    Compare character 3 operand
			       [780-14.27, 750-26.48, 730-61.80]
			       [780F-14.27, 750F-26.48, 730F-62.43]
.index ^Instructions, machine><CMPC3
                2D    CMPC5    Compare character 5 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><CMPC5
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    In 3-operand format the bytes of string 1 specified
                by len and src1addr are compared with string 2
                specified by len and src2addr. In 5-operand format
                the bytes of string 1 specified by src1len and
                src1addr are compared with string 2 specified by
                src2len and src2addr. If one string is longer than
                the other the shorter string is conceptually
                extended by appending bytes with the value of fill
                to the end. Comparison proceeds until all the bytes
                have been examined or inequality is detected.
                Condition codes are affected by the last character
                comparison.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          After execution R0 = number of bytes left in string
                1, R1 = address of last compared byte in string 1
                (if the strings are equal R1 will point to one
                beyond string 1), R2 = number of bytes remaining in
                string 2, R3 = address of last byte used in string
                2 (if strings are equal R3 will be one beyond the
                end of string 2). The times shown assume equal
                strings of length 10. If equal strings of length 64
		are used the times are CMPC3 - [780-24.20], CMPC5 -
	        [780-26.80]. If equal strings of length 4 are used
                the times are CMPC3 - [780-5.80], CMPC5 - [780-8.00].
		If equal strings of length 512 are used the times
		are CMPC3 - [780-159.40], CMPC5 - [780-161.80]. If
		strings of length 4 with the first character unequal
		are used the times are CMPC3 - [780-7.00],
		CMPC5 - [780-9.20].
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*CMPPx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 CMPPx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        compare two packed decimal strings and set the
                condition codes
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode len.rw,scr1addr.ab,src2addr.ab       ;3 operand
                opcode src1len.rw,src1addr.ab,
                       src2len.rw,src2addr.ab               ;4 operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      ({src1addr + ZEXT(len/2)}:src1addr) =
                ({src2addr + ZEXT(len/2)}:src2addr)         ;3 operand
                ({src1addr + ZEXT(src1len/2)}:src1addr =
                ({arc2addr + ZEXT(src2len/2)}:src2addr      ;4 operand

.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {{src1 string} LSS {src2 string}}, V = 0,
                Z = {{src1 string} EQL {src2 string}}, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        35    CMPP3    Compare packed 3 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><CMPP3
                37    CMPP4    Compare packed 4 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><CMPP4
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    In 3-operand format, the source 1 string specified
                by src1addr and len is compared with the source 2
                string specified by the src2addr and len. In
                4-operand format, the source 1 string is specified
                by src1addr and src1len, the source 2 string by
                src2addr and src2len. The only action in either
                case is to affect the condition codes.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          The registers are set as follows by CMPP3 or CMPP4:
                R0 = 0, R1 = address of most significant digits of
                string 1, R2 = 0, R3 = address of most significant
                digit of string 2. R0 through R3 and the condition
                codes are unpredictable if the strings overlap or
                if a reserved operand fault occurs.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*CMPxV instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 CMPxV
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        compare field - compare bit field to integer
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode pos.rl,size.rb,base.rb,src.rl
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      FIELD (pos, size, base) - src
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {field LSS src}, Z = {field EQL src},
                V = 0, C = {field LSSU src}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        EC    CMPV     Compare field [780-3.00]
.index ^Instructions, machine><CMPV
                ED    CMPZV    Compare zero-extended field
.index ^Instructions, machine><CMPZV
			       [780-2.80]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The field specified by pos, base and size is
                compared with the source operand. For CMPV, src is
                compared with the sign extended field. For CMPZV,
                src is compared with the zero extended field. The
                only action is to affect the condition codes.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          The times shown assume 20 bits extracted positioned
                at bit 4.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*CRC instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><CRC
.else manual
2 CRC
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        calculate cyclic redundancy check for software
                or communications checking
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode tbl.ab,inicrc.rl,strlen.rw,stream.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      R0 = CRC__accumulation (initial value - inicrc,
                polynomial table - tbl, data stream - (stream,
                strlen))
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {R0 LSS 0}, Z = {R0 EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        0B    CRC      Cyclic redundancy check
			       [780-47.91, 750-86.84, 730-188.88]
			       [780F-47.89, 750-86.84, 730-186.26]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The CRC of the data stream pointed to by stream
                and of length strlen is calculated. The initial
                CRC is given by inicrc and is normally 0 or -1
                unless the CRC is calculated in several steps.
                R0 is replaced by the result. If the polynomial
                is less than order -32, the result must be
                extracted from R0. The CRC polynomial is expressed
                by the contents of the 16-longword table.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          If the data stream is not a multiple of 8 bits in
                length, it must be right adjusted with leading 0
                fill. If the CRC polynomial is less than order -32,
                the result must be extracted from the low order
                bits of R0. Given a polynomial, the CRC table for
                that polynomial may be found by the relation:
                poly_<n_> = {coefficient of x**(order-1-n)}. This
                operation is done automatically by the system
                library routine LIB_$CRC__TABLE (poly.rl, table.ab).
                The table is the location of a 64-byte table into
                which the result will be written. This instruction
                will produce an unpredictable result if the table
                is not well formed. All well formed tables have
                entry[0] = 0 and entry[8] = a polynomial created
                by the relationship given above. If the data
                is of zero length, R0 = inicrc. The times shown
		assume a 16 byte CRC operation.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*CVTxx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 CVTxx
.endif manual
.index ^Instructions, machine><CVT\x\x
.nf
Purpose:        convert a signed quantity to a different signed
                data type
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode src.rx,dst.wy
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      dst = conversion or src
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = dst LSS 0, Z = dst EQL 0, C = 0
                V = {src cannot be represented in dst}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Integer/floating overflow, reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        See table below:
.s 1
.test page 14
  from/to |Byte   |Word   |Long   |F__float|D__float|G__float|H__float|
  --------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
  Byte    |       |99   xg|98   xg|4C   ei|6C   el|4CFD  e|6CFD  e|
  Word    |33   th|       |32   xg|4D   ei|6D   el|4DFD  e|6DFD  e|
  Long    |F6   th|F7   th|       |4E   rj|6E   el|4EFD  e|6EFD  e|
  F__float |48   tm|49   tm|4A   tm|       |56   ek|99FD  e|98FD  e|
  D__float |68   tn|69   tn|6A   tn|76   rl|       |       |32FD  e|
  G__float |48FD  t|49FD  t|4AFD  t|33FD  r|       |       |56FD  e|
  H__float |68FD  t|69FD  t|6AFD  t|F6FD  r|F7FD  r|76FD  r|       |
  --------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
 legend: t - truncate, x - sign extend, e - exact, r - rounded,
         g - [780-0.80], h - [780-1.00], i - [780-1.20],
         j - [780-1.40], k - [780-1.60], l - [780-1.80],
         m - [780-2.80], n - [780-4.60].
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
                4B    CVTRFL   Convert and round F__floating to long
			       [780-2.80]
                6B    CVTRDL   Convert and round D__floating to long
			       [780-5.40]
                4BFD  CVTRGL   Convert and round G__floating to long
                6BFD  CVTRHL   Convert and round H__floating to long
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          Integer overflow occurs if any truncated bits of src
                are not equal to the MSB of the dst. On integer
                overflow, the low order bits of the true result are
                retained. On floating overflow, dst is replaced with
                a reserved operand, with the flags: N=1, Z=0, V=1,
                and C=0. Only converts with a floating point source
                can result in a reserved operand fault. The library
                procedures MTH$CVT__D__G (rounded) and MTH$CVT__G__D
                (exact) can be used to convert between D__floating
                and G__floating, since no instructions exist
                for this operation.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*CVTLP instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><CVTLP
.else manual
2 CVTLP
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        convert longword to a packed decimal string
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode src.rl,dstlen.rw,dstaddr.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      {dst string} = conversion of src
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {{dst string} LSS 0}, V = {decimal overflow},
                Z = {{dst string} EQL 0}, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand, decimal overflow
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         F9    CVTLP    Convert long to packed
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    src is converted to a packed decimal string and the
                destination string operand specified by dstlen and
                dstaddr is replaced by the result. After execution
                R0 = R1 = R2 = 0 and R3 = address of the most
                significant digit of the destination string. dst
                and R0-R3 are unpredictable on a reserved operand
                abort. Overlapping operands will produce correct
                results.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*CVTPL instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><CVTPL
.else manual
2 CVTPL
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        convert a packed decimal string to a longword
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode srclen.rw,srcaddr.ab,dst.wl
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      dst = conversion of {src string}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {dst LSS 0}, V = {integer overflow},
                Z = {dst EQL 0}, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand, integer overflow
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         36    CVTPL    Convert packed to long
			       [780-10.85, 750-16.96, 730-47.61]
			       [780F-10.85, 750F-16.96, 730F-46.93]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The packed decimal source string src specified by
                srclen and srcaddr is converted to a longword and
                the result is placed in dst. After execution R0 =
                R2 = R3 = 0 and R1 = address of the most significant
                digit of the source string. dst is stored after all
                the registers are updated. This means that dst can
                be a register. Integer overflow can occur if the
                decimal string converts to a value outside a
                longword integer range. If this happens dst is
                replaced by the low order bits of the correct
                result. Overlapping operands will produce correct
                results.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:		The times shown above assume 7 digits are converted;
		if 18 are converted the times are:
		[780-13.27, 750-21.01, 730-66.56]
		[780F-13.27, 750F-21.01, 730F-65.59]
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*CVTPS instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><CVTPS
.else manual
2 CVTPS
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        convert a packed decimal string to leading separate
                numeric
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode srclen.rw,srcaddr.ab,dstlen.rw,dstaddr.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      {dst string} = conversion of {src string}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {{src string} LSS 0}, V = {decimal overflow},
                Z = {{src string} EQL 0}, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand, decimal overflow
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         08    CVTPS    Convert packed to leading separate
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The packed decimal source string src specified by
                srclen and srcaddr is changed to a leading separate
                numeric string and the result is placed in dst as
                specified by dstlen and dstaddr. Conversion is
                effected by replacing the lowest addressed byte of
                dst by the ASCII character "+" or "-", determined by
                the sign of the source string. The remaining bytes of
                dst are replaced by the ASCII characters that
                correspond to the digits in src.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          After execution R0 = R2 = 0, R1 = address of the most
                significant digit of src and R3 = address of the
                sign byte of dst. dst and R0-R3 are unpredictable if
                src overlaps dst, src contains an invalid nibble, or
                a reserved operand abort occurs. In the event of
                decimal overflow, the value stored in dst may differ
                from what the N and Z flags indicate. If CVTPS
                produces a -0 without overflow, dst will be changed
                to a +0 representation.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*CVTPT instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><CVTPT
.else manual
2 CVTPT
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        convert a packed decimal string to trailing numeric
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode srclen.rw,srcaddr.ab,tbladdr.ab,
                       dstlen.rw,dstaddr.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      {dst string} = conversion of {src string}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {{src string} LSS 0}, V = {decimal overflow},
                Z = {{src string} EQL 0}, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand, decimal overflow
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         24    CVTPT    Convert packed to trailing numeric
			       [780-14.48, 750-18.82, 730-73.27]
			       [780F-14.49, 750F-18.82, 730F-73.23]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The packed decimal source string src specified by
                srclen and srcaddr is converted to a trailing
                numeric string and the result is placed in dst as
                specified by dstlen and dstaddr. Conversion is
                effected by using the highest addressed byte of src
                (i.e. the byte containing the sign and least
                significant digit) as an unsigned index into a 256
                byte table whose 0th entry is specified by tbladdr.
                The byte read out of the table replaces the least
                significant byte of dst. The remaining bytes of dst
                are replaced by the ASCII representations of the
                digits in src.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          After execution R0 = R2 = 0, R1 = address of the
                most significant digit of src and R3 = address of
                the sign of dst. dst and R0-R3 are unpredictable if
                src overlaps dst, src contains an invalid nibble, or
                a reserved operand abort occurs. The condition codes
                are set by the value of src even if overflow occurs.
                N is set if and only if src is nonzero and contains
                a "-". In the event of decimal overflow, the value
                stored in dst may differ from what the N and Z flags
                indicate. The times shown assume that 7 digits are
		converted; if 18 digits are converted the times are:
	        [780-22.75, 750-37.18, 730-143.55]
	        [780F-22.75, 750F-37.18, 730F-141.44]
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*CVTSP instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><CVTSP
.else manual
2 CVTSP
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        convert a leading separate numeric string to packed
                decimal
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode srclen.rw,srcaddr.ab,dstlen.rw,dstaddr.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      {dst string} = conversion of {src string}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {{dst string} LSS 0}, V = {decimal overflow},
                Z = {{dst string} EQL 0}, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand, decimal overflow
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         09    CVTSP    Convert leading separate to packed
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The source leading separate numeric string src
                specified by srclen and srcaddr is converted to
                a packed decimal string and the result is placed
                in dst as specified by dstlen and dstaddr.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          A reserved operand fault will occur if the length
                of src is outside the range 0 to 31, the length of
                dst is outside the range 0 to 31, or src contains
                an invalid. Valid bytes for src are ASCII digits,
                "+", "-", or _<space_>. After execution R0 = R2 = 0,
                R1 = address of the sign  byte of src and R3 =
                address of the most significant digit of dst. dst
                and R0-R3 are unpredictable if src overlaps dst or
                a reserved operand abort occurs.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*CVTTP instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><CVTTP
.else manual
2 CVTTP
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        convert a trailing numeric string to packed decimal
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode srclen.rw,srcaddr.ab,tbladdr.ab,
                       dstlen.rw,dstaddr.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      {dst string} = conversion of {src string}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {{dst string} LSS 0}, V = {decimal overflow},
                Z = {{dst string} EQL 0}, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand, decimal overflow
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         26    CVTTP    Convert trailing numeric to packed
			       [780-13.47, 750-24.14, 730-53.09]
			       [780F-13.47, 750F-24.14, 730F-52.28]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The trailing numeric source string src specified by
                srclen and srcaddr is converted to a packed
                decimal string and the result is placed in dst as
                specified by dstlen and dstaddr. Conversion is
                effected by using the highest addressed byte of src
                (i.e. the byte containing the sign and least
                significant digit) as an unsigned index into a 256
                byte table whose 0th entry is specified by tbladdr.
                The byte read out of the table replaces the highest
                addressed byte of dst. The packed digits of dst
                are replaced by the low order four bits of each
                ASCII character in src.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          After execution R0 = R2 = 0, R1 = address of the
                most significant digit of src and R3 = address of
                the byte holding the most significant digit of dst.
                dst and R0-R3 are unpredictable if dst overlaps src
                or tbl or if a reserved operand abort occurs. A
                reserved operand fault will occur if srclen or
                dstlen are not in the range 0 to 31, src contains
                an illegal ASCII character (i.e. not "0 to "9",
                "+", "-", or _<space_>), or if the translation of the
                least significant digit produces an invalid decimal
                digit or sign nibble. If src is -0, dst will be set
                to +0 with N = 0 and Z = 1. If srclen is 0 dst will
                be set to +0 and tbl will not be referenced. The times
		shown above assume 7 digits are packed; if 18 are
		packed the times are:
		[780-25.57, 750-36.27, 730-87.51]
		[780F-25.57, 750F-36.27, 730F-86.55]

.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*DECx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 DECx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        decrement - subtract 1 from an integer
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode dif.mx
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      dif = dif - 1
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = dif LSS 0, Z = dif EQL 0
                V = {integer overflow}, C = {borrow from MSB}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Integer overflow
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        97    DECB     Decrement byte [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><DECB
                B7    DECW     Decrement word [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><DECW
                D7    DECL     Decrement long [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><DECL
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    One is subtracted from the dif operand and the
                dif operand is replaced by the result.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          Arithmetic overflow occurs if the largest negative
                integer is decremented. On overflow, dif is replaced
                by the largest positive integer. DECx sum is
                equivalent to SUBx2 _#1,sum, but is shorter.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*DIVxx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 DIVxx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        perform arithmetic division
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode divr.rx,quo.mx                       ;2 operand
                opcode divr.rx,divd.rx,quo.wx               ;3 operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      quo = quo / divr                            ;2 operand
                quo = divd / divr                           ;3 operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {quo LSS 0}, Z = {quo EQL 0}, C = 0,
                V = {overflow or {divr EQL 0}}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Integer or floating overflow, divide by zero
                Floating underflow, reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        86    DIVB2    Divide byte 2 operand [780-4.60]
.index ^Instructions, machine><DIVB2
                87    DIVB3    Divide byte 3 operand [780-4.80]
.index ^Instructions, machine><DIVB3
                A6    DIVW2    Divide word 2 operand [780-6.20]
.index ^Instructions, machine><DIVW2
                A7    DIVW3    Divide word 3 operand [780-6.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><DIVW3
                C6    DIVL2    Divide long 2 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><DIVL2
			       [780-9.44, 750-8.14, 730-66.99]
			       [780F-9.44, 750F-8.14, 730F-15.23]
                C7    DIVL3    Divide long 3 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><DIVL3
			       [780-9.64, 750-8.88, 730-70.28]
			       [780F-9.64, 750F-8.88, 730F-16.15]
                46    DIVF2    Divide F__floating 2 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><DIVF2
                47    DIVF3    Divide F__floating 3 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><DIVF3
			       [780-8.49, 750-12.83, 730-228.06]
			       [780F-4.62, 750F-6.61, 730F-10.60]
                66    DIVD2    Divide D__floating 2 operand [780-42.80]
.index ^Instructions, machine><DIVD2
                67    DIVD3    Divide D__floating 3 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><DIVD3
			       [780-43.60, 750-71.14, 730-557.52]
			       [780F-8.84, 750F-12.82, 730F-19.58]
                46FD  DIVG2    Divide G__floating 2 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><DIVG2
                47FD  DIVG3    Divide G__floating 3 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><DIVG3
			       [780-52.85, 750-81.03, 730-528.25]
			       [780F-52.85, 750F-81.03, 730F-23.52]
                66FD  DIVH2    Divide H__floating 2 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><DIVH2
                67FD  DIVH3    Divide H__floating 3 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><DIVH3
			       [780-223.00, 750-350.96, 730-1435.65]
			       [780F-223.00, 750F-350.96, 730F-91.33]
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*DIVP instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><DIVP
.else manual
2 DIVP
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        divide one packed decimal string by a second
                decimal string
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode divrlen.rw,divraddr.ab,divdlen.rw,
                       divdaddr.ab,quolen.rw,quoaddr.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      {quo string} = {divd string} / {divr string}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {{quo string} LSS 0}, V = {decimal overflow},
                Z = {{quo string} EQL 0}, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand, decimal overflow, divide by zero
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         27    DIVP     Divide packed
	                       [780-40.44, 750-86.12, 730-584.35]
	                       [780F-40.45, 750F-86.12, 730F-575.59]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The dividend string specified by divdlen and divdaddr
                is divided by the divisor string specified by divrlen
                and divraddr. The result of the division is placed in
                the quotient string specified by quolen and quoaddr.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          This instruction may allocate a 16 byte workspace on
                the stack. After execution the SP is restored to its
                original value and the contents of {(SP) - 16} to
                {(SP) - 1} are unpredictable. The division is done
                such that: (1) The absolute value of the remainder
                (which is lost) is less than the absolute value of
                the divisor. (2) The product of the absolute value
                of the quotient and the absolute value of the divisor
                is less than or equal to the absolute value of the
                dividend. If the value of the quotient is zero the
                sign of the quotient is always positive. After DIVP
                R0 = R2 = R4 = 0, R1 = address of the most significant
                digit of divr, R3 = address of the most significant
                digit of divd and R5 = address of the most
                significant digit of quo. quo and R0-R5 will have
                unpredictable values if quo overlaps divr or divd,
                divr is 0, or a reserved operand abort occurs. The
		times for DIVP shown above assume 7 digit operands,
		if 18 digit operands are used the times are:
	        [780-150.87, 750-245.95, 730-8473.45]
	        [780F-150.83, 750F-245.95, 730F-8402.25]
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*EDIV instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><EDIV
.else manual
2 EDIV
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        perform extended-precision division
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode divr.rl,divd.rq,quo.wl,rem.wl
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      quo = divd/divr; rem = REM (divd, divr)
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {quo LSS 0}, Z = {quo EQL 0}, C = 0,
                V = {{integer overflow} OR {divr EQL 0}}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Integer overflow, divide by zero
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         7B    EDIV     Extended divide
			       [780-11.93, 750-11.86, 730-100.31]
			       [780F-11.86, 750F-11.86, 730F-100.29]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          The division is performed such that the remainder
                operand (unless it is 0) has the same sign as divd.
                On overflow, or if divr is 0, then quo is replaced
                by bits 31:0 of divd and rem is replaced by 0.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*EMODx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 EMODx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        extended multiply and integerize - perform accurate
                range reduction of math function arguments
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode mulr.rx,mulrx.rb,muld.rx,int.wl,fract.wx
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      int = {integer part of muld * {mulr'mulrx}};
                frac = {fractional part of muld * {mulr'mulrx}}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {fract LSS 0}, Z = {fract EQL 0},
                V = {integer overflow}, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Integer or floating overflow, divide by zero
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        54    EMODF    Ext. mul., integerize F__floating
.index ^Instructions, machine><EMODF
			       [780-11.80]
                74    EMODD    Ext. mul., integerize D__floating
.index ^Instructions, machine><EMODD
			       [780-33.00]
                54FD  EMODG    Ext. mul., integerize G__floating
.index ^Instructions, machine><EMODG
                74FD  EMODH    Ext. mul., integerize H__floating
.index ^Instructions, machine><EMODH
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The floating multiplier extension mulrx is concatenated
                with the floating point multiplier (mulr) to gain eight
                additional low order fraction bits. This is then
                multiplied by muld. After multiplication, the integer
                portion is extracted and a floating point number is
                formed from the fractional part by truncating extra
                bits. The integer part is placed in int and the
                fractional part in frac.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          On floating underflow, both results are replaced by
                zero. Floating overflow is indicated by integer
                overflow, however integer overflow is possble without
                floating overflow.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*EMUL instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><EMUL
.else manual
2 EMUL
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        perform extended-precision multiplication
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode mulr.rl,muld.rl,add.rl,prod.wq
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      prod = {{muld * mulr} + SEXT (add)}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {prod LSS 0}, Z = {prod EQL 0}, V = 0, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         7A    EMUL     Extended multiply
			       [780-6.83, 750-10.33, 730-20.52]
			       [780F-6.83, 750F-6.48, 730F-20.23]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    mulr is multiplied by muld to give a double length
                result. The addend operand is sign extended to
                double length and added to the result. The result
                is then stored in prod.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          The time listed is for all operands equal to one. If
                all operands are zero the time is [780-3.00].
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*EXTxV instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 EXTxV
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        extract field - moves bit field to integer
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode pos.rl,size.rb,base.vb,dst.wl
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      EXTV:  dst = if size NEQU 0 then SEXT (
                               FIELD (pos, size, base)) else 0
                EXTZV: dst = if size NEQU 0 then ZEXT (
                               FIELD (pos, size, base)) else 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        EE    EXTV     Extract field, sign extend
.index ^Instructions, machine><EXTV
			       [780-3.01, 750-3.61, 730-12.77]
			       [780F-3.01, 750F-3.61, 730F-13.24]
                EF    EXTZV    Extract field, zero extend
.index ^Instructions, machine><EXTZV
			       [780-2.66, 750-3.29, 730-12.76]
			       [780F-2.61, 750F-3.29, 730F-12.63]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    For EXTV, dst is replaced by the sign-extended field
                specified by pos, size and base. For EXTZV, dst is
                replaced by the zero-extended field specified by pos,
                size and base. If size is 0 dst is replaced by 0.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          A reserved operand fault occurs if size GTRU 32 or
                pos GTRU 31, size NEQU 0 and the field is contained
                in the registers. On such a fault the condition codes
                are unpredictable and dst is left unchanged. The times
                shown assume 10 bits extracted at bit position 4.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*FFx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 FFx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        find first - locate first bit in bit field
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode startpos.rl,size.rb,base.vb,findpos.wl
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      Find first set or clear bit searching left
                across field
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = 0, Z = {bit not found}, V = 0, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        EB    FFC      Find first clear [780-3.60]
.index ^Instructions, machine><FFC
                EA    FFS      Find first set [780-3.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><FFS
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    A field specified by the startpos, size and base
                operands is extracted. The field is tested for a
                bit in the indicated state starting at bit 0 and
                extending to the highest bit in the field. If a
                bit in the desired state is found, the findpos
                operand is replaced with the bit position and the
                Z condition bit is cleared. If no bit in the
                indicated state is found, findpos is replaced by
                the position relative to base of a bit one to the
                left of the specified field and the Z condition
                bit is set. If size = 0, findpos is replaced by
                startpos and Z is set.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          If startpos + size GEQU 2**31, findpos may be set
                to a negative value that would be unusable in a
                subsequent instruction. The times shown are valid
                for first bit set (or clear) and no bits set (or
                clear).
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*HALT instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><HALT
.else manual
2 HALT
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        stop processor operation
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      If PSL_<current__mode_> NEQU kernel then
                  {reserved to Digital opcode fault}
                 else
                  {halt the processor}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = 0, Z = 0, V = 0, C = 0 (fault)
                Unaffected (processor halt)
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved to Digital opcode
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         00    HALT     Halt
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    If process is running in kernel mode, the processor
                is halted. Otherwise, an opcode reserved to Digital
                fault occurs. This opcode is 0 to trap many branches
                to data.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*INCx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 INCx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        increment - add 1 to an integer
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode sum.mx
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      sum = sum + 1
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {sum LSS 0}, Z = {sum EQL 0},
                V = {integer overflow}, C = {carry from MSB}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Integer overflow
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        96    INCB     Increment byte [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><INCB
                B6    INCW     Increment word [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><INCW
                D6    INCL     Increment long [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><INCL
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    One is added to the sum operand and the
                sum operand is replaced by the result.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          Arithmetic overflow occurs if the largest positive
                integer is incremented. On overflow, sum is
                replaced by the largest negative integer. INCx sum
                is equivalent to ADDx2 _#1,sum, but is shorter.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*INDEX instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><INDEX
.else manual
2 INDEX
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        index calculation of arrays of fixed length data, bit
                fields and strings
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode subscript.rl,low.rl,high.rl,size.rl,indexin.rl,
                       indexout.rl
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      indexout = {indexin + subscript}*size; if {subscript
                LSS low} or {subscript GTR high} then {subscript
                range trap}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {indexout LSS 0}, Z = {indexout EQL 0},
                V = 0, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Subscript range
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         0A    INDEX    Index [780-4.60]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    indexin is added to subscript and the sum is multiplied
                by size. The result is placed in indexout. If subscript
                is less than low or greater than high a subscript range
                trap is taken.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          No arithmetic trap other than subscript range can result
                from this instruction. In particular integer overflow is
                not checked. In normal use integer overflow cannot
                occur without a subscript range trap. The indexin operand
                is useful for cascading a series of INDEX operations. The
                time shown assumes size = 0. Various other values are:
                size = 1 - [780-3.60], size = 2 or 100 - [780-9.20].
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*INSQUE instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 INSQUE
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        add entry to head or tail of queue
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode entry.ab,pred.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      if {all memory accesses can be completed} then
                begin
                  (entry) = (pred);             ;forward link
                  (entry+4) = pred;             ;backward link
                  ((pred)+4) = entry;           ;backward successor
                  (pred) = entry;               ;forward predessor
                end;
                else
                begin
                  {backup instruction};
                  {initiate fault};
                end;
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {(entry) LSS (entry + 4)}, V = 0,
                C = {(entry) LSSU (entry + 4)},
                Z = {(entry) EQL (entry + 4)}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         0E    INSQUE   Insert entry in queue [780-6.40]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The queue entry specified by the operand entry is
                inserted into the queue following the entry
                specified by pred. If the entry inserted is the
                first one in the queue, the Z bit is set; otherwise
                it is cleared. The insertion is a noninterruptable
                operation. The entire operation is validated before
                any portion of it is attempted. The queue will be
                left in a consistent state if a memory management
                violation occurs.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          Processes running in kernel mode may share queues
                with interrupt service routines. INSQUE can be used
                by multiple processes in a single processor to
                access a shared list if entries and removals are
                confined to the head and tail of the list. The time
                shown is valid for both empty and nonempty queues.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*INSV instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><INSV
.else manual
2 INSV
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        insert field - moves integer to bit field
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode src.rl,pos.rl,size.rb,base.vb
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      if size NEQU 0 then FIELD (pos, size, base) =
                  src _<{size -1 }_>
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       Not affected
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         F0    INSV     Insert field [780-3.40]
			       [780-3.51, 750-4.10, 730-14.83]
			       [780F-3.41, 750F-4.10, 730F-14.63]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The field specified by pos, size and base is
                replaced by bits {size-1}:0 of src. If size is 0
                no action occurs.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          A reserved operand fault occurs if size GTRU 32 or
                pos GTRU 31, size NEQU 0 and the field is contained
                in the registers. On such a fault the condtion codes
                are unpredictable and the field is left unchanged.
                The times shown assume all register operands (as is
                usual for instruction timings). However, if base is
                changed to a register indexed operand the time is
                [780-4.00]. All times assume 10 bits extracted
		starting at bit 4.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*JMP instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><JMP
.else manual
2 JMP
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        transfer control
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode dst.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      PC = dst
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       Not affected
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         17    JMP      Jump [780-1.00]
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*JSB instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><JSB
.else manual
2 JSB
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        jump to subroutine - transfer control to subroutine
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode dst.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      -(SP) = PC; PC = dst
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       Not affected
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         16    JSB      Jump to subroutine [780-1.60]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    PC is pushed onto the stack as a longword and the
                jump is taken.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          Since the operand specifier conventions cause the
                evaluation of dst before saving PC, JSB can be used for
                coroutine calls with the stack used for linkage. The
                form of such calls is JSB @(SP)+.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*LDPCTX instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><LDPCTX
.else manual
2 LDPCTX
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        load processor context - restore register and
                memory management context
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      if PSL_<current-mode_> NEQU 0 then {opcode reserved
                to Digital fault}; {invalidate per-process
                translation buffer entries}; {load process general
                registers from process control block}; {load process
                map, ASTLVL and PME from PCB}; {save PSL and PC on
                stack for subsequent REI}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       Not affected
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand, privileged instruction
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        06    LDPCTX   Load process context
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The process control block is specified by the
                internal processor register PCBB (process control
                block base). The general registers are loaded from
                the PCB, along with the memory management registers
                describing the address space. The process entries
                in the translation buffer are cleared. Execution is
                switched to the kernel stack. The PC and PSL are
                moved from the PCB to the stack, suitable for use
                by a REI instruction.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*LOCC instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><LOCC
.else manual
2 LOCC
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        to locate a character in a string
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode char.rb,len.rw,addr.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      {compare each character until equal}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = 0, Z = {R0 EQL 0}, Z = 0, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         3A    LOCC     Locate character
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    char is compared with the bytes of the string
                specified by addr and len. Comparison continues
                until char equals the character in the string or
                until the string is exhausted. If equality is
                detected the Z bit is set, otherwise it is cleared.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          After execution R0 = number of bytes remaining
                in the string (R0 = 0 only if Z is clear) and R1
                = address of the byte which produced equality
                or the address of one byte beyond the string.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*MATCHC instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><MATCHC
.else manual
2 MATCHC
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        to find a substring (object) in a character string
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode objlen.rw,objaddr.ab,srclen.rw,srcaddr.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      {compare object substring with srcstring until match}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = 0, Z = {R0 EQL 0}, Z = 0, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         39    MATCHC     Match characters
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    src as specified by srclen and srcaddr is searched
                for a substring which matches the object string as
                specified by objlen and objaddr. If the substring
                is found the Z bit is set, otherwise it is cleared.
                The search continues until src is exhausted or
                until a match is found.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          After execution R0 = number of bytes in the object
                string if no match occured, otherwise R0 = 0, R1 =
                address of one byte beyond the object string if a
                match occured, otherwise R1 = address of the object
                string, R2 = number of bytes remaining in src after
                a match (if no match then R2 = 0), R3 = address of
                one beyond the last accessed byte in src.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*MCOMx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 MCOMx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        move the logical complement of an integer
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode src.rx,dst.wx
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      dst = NOT src
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        92    MCOMB    Move complemented byte [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MCOMB
                B2    MCOMW    Move complemented word [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MCOMW
                D2    MCOML    Move complemented long [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MCOML
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The destination operand is replaced by the ones
                complement of the source operand.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*MFPR instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><MFPR
.else manual
2 MFPR
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        move from processor register - access
                internal privileged registers
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode procreg.rl,dst.wl
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      if {PSL_<current-mode_> NEQ 0} then {reserved
                instruction fault}; dst = PRS[procreg]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C
                C. Codes not affected if destination is not
                replaced.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand, privileged instruction
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:        DB    MFPR     Move from processor register
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The specified register is stored in dst. The first
                operand procreg is a longword that contains the
                register number. Execution may have register
                specific side effects. A reserved operand fault
                can occur if the register does not exist. A
                reserved instruction fault will occur if MFPR
                is executed in other than kernel mode.
.if manual
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 2 ^*Processor registers\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
3 Processor_registers
.endif manual
.nf
The following table is a summary of the registers accessible in
the privileged register space. Each mnemonic can be used to form
a symbol by prefixing it with "PR_$__". The number of a register,
once assigned, will not change across implementations of the VAX
of within an implementation. All unsigned positive number are
reserved to Digital, all negative number are reserved for
customers.
.s 1
The type column indicates whether the register is read-only,
write-only, or may be both read and written. The scope column
indicates whether the register is maintained on a per-process
basis or a per-CPU basis. The init column indicates whether the
register is set to some predefined initial value. The dashes
mean initialization is optional.
.s 1
.if manual
.test page 15
.endif manual
Register Name              Mnemonic  Number  Type  Scope Init
======== ====              ========  ======  ====  ===== ====
Kernel stack pointer        KSP         0     R/W   PROC  ---
Executive stack pointer     ESP         1     R/W   PROC  ---
Supervisor stack pointer    SSP         2     R/W   PROC  ---
User stack pointer          USP         3     R/W   PROC  ---
Interrupt stack pointer     ISP         4     R/W   CPU   ---
P0 base register            P0BR        8     R/W   PROC  ---
P0 length register          P0LR        9     R/W   PROC  ---
P1 base register            P1BR       10     R/W   PROC  ---
P1 length register          P1LR       11     R/W   PROC  ---
System base register        SBR        12     R/W   CPU   ---
System length register      SLR        13     R/W   CPU   ---
Process control block base  PCBB       16     R/W   PROC  ---
System block base           SCBB       17     R/W   CPU   ---
Interrupt level             IPL        18     R/W   CPU   yes
AST level                   ASTLVL     19     R/W   PROC  yes
Software interrupt request  SIRR       20     W     CPU   ---
Software interrupt summary  SISR       21     R/W   CPU   yes
Interval clock control      ICCS       24     R/W   CPU   yes
.if manual
.test page 12
.endif manual
Next interval count         NICR       25     W     CPU   ---
Interval count              ICR        26     R     CPU   ---
Time of year                TODR       27     R/W   CPU   no
Console receiver C/S        RXCS       32     R/W   CPU   yes
Console receiver D/B        RXDB       33     R     CPU   ---
Console transmit C/S        TXCS       34     R/W   CPU   yes
Console transmit D/B        TXDB       35     W     CPU   ---
Memory management enable    MAPEN      56     R/W   CPU   yes
Trans. buf. inval. all      TBIA       57     W     CPU   ---
Trans. buf. inval. single   TBIS       58     W     CPU   ---
Performance monitor enable  PMR        61     R/W   PROC  yes
System identification       SID        62     R     CPU   no
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*MNEGx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 MNEGx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        move the arithmetic negation of a scalar quantity
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode src.rx,dst.wx
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      dst = -scr
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0 (floating),
                V = overflow (integer), C = {dst NEQ 0} (integer),
                C = 0 (floating)
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Integer overflow, reserved operand (floating)
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        8E    MNEGB    Move negated byte [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MNEGB
                AE    MNEGW    Move negated word [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MNEGW
                CE    MNEGL    Move negated long [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MNEGL
                52    MNEGF    Move negated F__floating [780-1.00]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MNEGF
                72    MNEGD    Move negated D__floating [780-2.00]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MNEGD
                52FD  MNEGG    Move negated G__floating
.index ^Instructions, machine><MNEGG
                72FD  MNEGH    Move negated H__floating
.index ^Instructions, machine><MNEGH
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The destination operand is replaced by the
                negative of the source operand.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*MOVx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 MOVx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        move a scalar quantity
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode src.rx,dst.wx
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      dst = src
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None (integer), reserved operand (floating point)
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        90    MOVB     Move byte [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVB
                B0    MOVW     Move word [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVW
                D0    MOVL     Move long
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVL
			       [780-0.40, 750-0.93, 730-1.71]
			       [780F-0.40, 750F-0.93, 730F-1.69]
                7D    MOVQ     Move quad [780-1.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVQ
                7DFD  MOVO     Move octa
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVO
                50    MOVF     Move F__floating [780-1.00]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVF
                70    MOVD     Move D__floating [780-2.00]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVD
                50FD  MOVG     Move G__floating
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVG
                70FD  MOVH     Move H__floating
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVH
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The destination operand is replaced by the source
                operand. The source operand is not affected.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*MOVAx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 MOVAx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        move address - calculate address of quantity
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode src.ax,dst.wl
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      dst = src
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        9E    MOVAB    Move address of byte [780-0.80]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVAB
                3E    MOVAW    Move address of word [780-0.80]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVAW
                DE    MOVAL    Move address of long [780-0.80]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVAL
                7E    MOVAQ    Move address of quad [780-0.80]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVAQ
                7EFD  MOVAO    Move address of octa
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVAO
                DE    MOVAF    Move address of F__floating [780-0.80]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVAF
                7E    MOVAD    Move address of D__floating [780-0.80]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVAD
                7E    MOVAG    Move address of G__floating [780-0.80]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVAG
                7EFD  MOVAH    Move address of H__floating
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVAH
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    dst is replaced by the address of src. The context in
                which src is evaluated is given by the data type of the
                instruction. The operand at the address of src is not
                referenced.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*MOVCx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 MOVCx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        move character string or block of memory
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode len.rw,srcaddr.ab,dstaddr.ab         ;3 operand
                opcode srclen.rw,srcaddr.ab,fill.rb,        ;5 operand
                       dstlen.rw,dstaddr.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      {dst string} = {src string}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        28    MOVC3    Move character 3 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVC3
                2C    MOVC5    Move character 5 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVC5
			       [780-111.42, 750-142.40, 730-151.12]
                               [780F-111.42, 750F-142.40, 730F-160.36]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    dst as specified by dstaddr and len (3 operand) or
		dstlen (5 operand) is replaced by src as specified by
		srcaddr and len (3 operand) or srclen (5 operand). If
		dst is longer than src (5 operand only), the highest
		addresses of dst that are not filled by src are
		instead filled with fill. If dst is shorter than src,
		the copied string is truncated to fit in src. The
                operation of the instruction is such that any overlap
		of src and dst will not affect the result.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          After execution R2 = R4 = R5 = 0, R0 = number
                of unmoved bytes in src (always 0 for 3 operand),
                R1 = address of one byte beyond the last byte in
                src that was moved and R3 = address of one byte
                beyond the end of dst. MOVC3 is the preferred
                way to copy a block of memory. MOVC5 with srclen
                = 0 is the preferred way to fill a block of
                memory with fill. The times shown assume a 0 length
		src string (fill operation) and a move of 512 bytes.
		For src and dst lengths of 4 the times are MOVC3 -
		[780-6.00], MOVC5 - [780-8.20]. For a length of 64
		the times are MOVC3 - [780-27.0], MOVC5 - [780-29.60].
		More times for MOVC5 with a 0 length src are with
		dstlen = 4 - [780-9.20], dstlen = 64 - [780-30.40].
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*MOVP instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVP
.else manual
2 MOVP
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        moved a packed decimal string from one memory
                location to another
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode len.rw,srcaddr.ab,dstaddr.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      ({dstaddr + ZEXT (len/2)} : dstaddr) =
                ({srcaddr + ZEXT (len/2)} : srcaddr)
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {{dst string} LSS 0}, V = 0,
                Z = {{dst string} EQL 0}, C = C
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        34    MOVP     Move packed
			       [780-8.04, 750-17.44, 730-39.55]
			       [780F-8.04, 750F-17.44, 730F-38.97]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The string dst specified by dstaddr and len is
                replaced by the string src specified by srcaddr
                and len.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          After execution R0 = R2 = 0, R1 = address of the most
                significant digit of src, R3 = address of the most
		significant digit of dst. dst and R0-R3 are
		unpredicatable if src overlaps dst, src contains an
		invalid nibble, or a reserved operand fault occurs. If
		src is -0, dst is set to +0, N is cleared and Z is
		set. The times shown above assume that 7 digits are
		moved; for 18 digits the times are:
	        [780-19.31, 750-38.21, 730-40.05]
	        [780F-19.31, 750F-38.21, 730F-39.46]
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*MOVPSL instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVPSL
.else manual
2 MOVPSL
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        Obtain processor status
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode dst.wl
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      dst = PSL
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       Not affected
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         DC    MOVPSL   Move from PSL [780-0.80]
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*MOVTC instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVTC
.else manual
2 MOVTC
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        to move and translate a character string
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode srclen.rw,srcaddr.ab,fill.rb,tbladdr.ab,
                       dstlen.rw,dstaddr.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {srclen LSS dstlen}, Z = {srclen EQL dstlen},
                V = 0, C = {srclen LSSU dstlen}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         2E    MOVTC    Move translated characters [780-113.80]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The source operand string specified by srclen and
                srcaddr is translated and replaces the destination
                string as specified by dstlen and dstaddr.
                Translation is done by using each byte of src as an
                index into tbl (a 256 byte array). The selected byte
                is placed in dst. If the dst is longer than src, dst
                is filled using fill. If dst is shorter than src,
                the highest bytes of src are not moved. dst and src
                may overlap with no ill effects -- but if dst
                overlaps tbl the result is unpredictable.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          After execution: R0 = _# of untranslated bytes in
                src, R1 = address of one byte beyond last translated
                byte in src, R2 = 0, R3 = tbladdr, R4 = 0, R5 = the
                address one byte beyond dst. The time shown is for
                a srclen and dstlen of 64. If the lengths are 4, the
                time is [780-8.20]. If the lengths are 512, the time
		is [780-834.60]. If srclen is 0, the times are:
		dstlen = 4 - [780-17.60], dstlen = 64 - [780-106.20],
		dstlen = 512 - [780-764.80].
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*MOVTUC instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVTUC
.else manual
2 MOVTUC
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        to move and translate a character string, handling
                escape codes (until character)
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode srclen.rw,srcaddr.ab,esc.rb,tbladdr.ab,
                       dstlen.rw,dstaddr.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {srclen LSS dstlen}, Z = {srclen EQL dstlen},
                V = {terminated by escape}, C = {srclen LSSU dstlen}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         2F    MOVTUC   Move translated until character
			       [780-126.60]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The source operand string specified by srclen and
                srcaddr is translated and replaces the destination
                string as specified by dstlen and dstaddr. Translation
                is done by using each byte of src as an index into
                tbl (256 byte array). The selected byte is placed in
                dst. Translation continues until a translated byte
                equals esc or either string is exhausted. If
		translation is terminated by esc, the condtion code
		V-bit is set. If dst overlaps src or tbl, dst and the
		registers are unpredictable.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          After execution: R0 = _# of untranslated bytes in src,
                R1 = address of one byte beyond last translated byte
		in src, R2 = 0, R3 = tbladdr, R4 = _# of bytes
		remaining in dst, R5 = one past address of last
		translated byte in dst. The time shown is for a string
		length of 64. If the lengths are 4 the time is
		[780-17.20]. If the lengths are 512 the time is
		[780-937.40].
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*MOVZxx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 MOVZxx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        convert an unsigned integer to a wider unsigned
                integer (move zeroed)
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode src.rx,dst.wy
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      dst = ZEXT (src)
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = 0, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        9B    MOVZBW   Move zero-extended byte to word
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVZBW
			       [780-0.80]
                9A    MOVZBL   Move zero-extended byte to long
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVZBL
			       [780-0.80]
                3C    MOVZWL   Move zero-extended word to long
.index ^Instructions, machine><MOVZWL
			       [780-0.80]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    For MOVZBW, bits 7:0 of dst are replaced by src,
                bits 15:8 are zeroed. For MOVZBL, bits 7:0 of
                dst are replaced by src, bits 31:8 are zeroed.
                For MOVZWL, bits 15:0 of dst are replaced by src,
                bits 31:16 are zeroed.

.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*MTPR instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><MTPR
.else manual
2 MTPR
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        move to processor register - change
                internal privileged registers
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode src.rl,procreg.rl
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      if {PSL_<current-mode_> NEQ 0} then {reserved
                instruction fault}; PRS[procreg] = src
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C
                C. Codes not affected if register is not
                replaced.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand, privileged instruction
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:        DA    MTPR     Move to processor register
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The specified register is loaded. The second operand
                procreg is a longword that contains the register
                number. Execution may have register-specific side
                effects. A reserved operand fault can occur if the
		register does not exist. A reserved instruction fault
		will occur if the instruction is executed in other
		than kernel mode. See the instruction MFPR for a list
		of processor registers.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*MULxx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 MULxx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        perform arithmetic multiplication
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode mulr.rx,prod.mx                      ;2 operand
                opcode mulr.rx,muld.rx,prod.wx              ;3 operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      prod = prod * mulr                      ;2 operand
                prod = muld * mulr                      ;3 operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {prod LSS 0}, Z = {prod EQL 0},
                V = {overflow}, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Integer, floating overflow
                Floating underflow, reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        84    MULB2    Multiply byte 2 operand [780-4.00]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MULB2
                85    MULB3    Multiply byte 3 operand [780-4.00]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MULB3
                A4    MULW2    Multiply word 2 operand [780-4.80]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MULW2
                A5    MULW3    Multiply word 3 operand [780-4.80]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MULW3
                C4    MULL2    Multiply long 2 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><MULL2
			       [780-6.43, 750-8.35, 730-17.33]
			       [780F-1.85, 750F-5.68, 730F-12.05]
                C5    MULL3    Multiply long 3 operand [780-6.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><MULL3
                44    MULF2    Multiply F__floating 2 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><MULF2
			       [780-5.63, 750-12.62, 730-36.34]
			       [780F-1.20, 750F-2.29, 730F-9.66]
                45    MULF3    Multiply F__floating 3 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><MULF3
			       [780-5.89]
                64    MULD2    Multiply D__floating 2 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><MULD2
			       [780-27.74, 750-39.05, 730-89.47]
			       [780F-3.41, 750F-4.75, 730F-19.11]
                65    MULD3    Multiply D__floating 3 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><MULD3
                44FD  MULG2    Multiply G__floating 2 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><MULG2
			       [780-29.57, 750-50.64, 730-92.39]
			       [780F-29.56, 750F-50.64, 730F-22.41]
                45FD  MULG3    Multiply G__floating 3 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><MULG3
                64FD  MULH2    Multiply H__floating 2 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><MULH2
			       [780-85.21, 750-155.54, 730-286.06]
			       [780F-85.21, 750F-155.54, 730F-86.24]
                65FD  MULH3    Multiply H__floating 3 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><MULH3
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          The times above for all integer multiplies assume all
                operands are ones. If zeros are used, the times are:
                MULx2 - [780-1.60] or MULx3 - [780-1.80], x = B, W
		or L.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*MULP instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><MULP
.else manual
2 MULP
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        multiply one packed decimal string by a second,
                result placed in third
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode mulrlen.rw,mulraddr.ab,muldlen.rw,
                       muldaddr.ab,prodlen.rw,prodaddr.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      {prod string} = {muld string} * {mulr string}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {{prod string} LSS 0}, V = {decimal overflow},
                Z = {{prod string} EQL 0}, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand, decimal overflow
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         25    MULP     Multiply packed
			       [780-98.02, 750-105.05, 730-757.02]
		               [780F-98.03, 750F-105.05, 730F-746.83]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The multiplicand string muld specified by muldaddr
                and muldlen is multiplied by the multiplier string
                mulr specified by mulraddr and mulrlen. The product
                is placed in the string prod as specified by prodaddr
                and prodlen.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          After execution R0 = R2 = R4 = 0, R1 = address of
                the most significant digit of mulr, R3 = address
                of the most significant digit of muld and R5 =
                address of the most significant digit of prod. prod,
                the condition codes and R0-R6 are unpredictable if
                prod overlaps mulr or muld, mulr or muld contains an
                invalid nibble or a reserved operand abort occurs.
		The times for MULP shown above assume 7 digit
	        operands; if 18 digit operands are used the times are:
	        [780-397.88, 750-439.22, 730-3343.35]
	        [780F-397.88, 750F-439.22, 730F-3299.22]
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*POLYx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 POLYx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        allows fast calculation of math functions
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode arg.x,degree.rw,tbladdr.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      result = Cdegree (first table entry)
                For degree times, loop
                  result = arg * result
                    Perform multiply and retain an extended
                    floating fraction of 31 bits (POLYF) or
                    63 bits (POLYD). The fraction is truncated
                    before normalization.
                  result = result + Cnext (next table entry)
                    Normalize, round and check for over/
                    underflow only after the combined multiply/
                    add sequence.
                  if overflow then trap.
                  if underflow then clear result, remember
                  underflow and continue looping.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {R0 LSS 0}, Z = {R0 EQL 0},
                V = {floating overflow}, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Floating overflow/underflow, reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        55    POLYF    Polynomial evaluation F__floating
.index ^Instructions, machine><POLYF
                               [780-38.59, 750-80.80, 730-269.50]
                               [780F-9.49, 750F-25.35, 730F-77.72]
                75    POLYD    Polynomial evaluation D__floating
.index ^Instructions, machine><POLYD
                               [780-131.65, 750-191.81, 730-504.43]
			       [780F-17.32, 750F-36.49, 730F-102.13]
                55FD  POLYG    Polynomial evaluation G__floating
.index ^Instructions, machine><POLYG
			       [780-153.17, 750-226.53, 730-496.63]
			       [780F-153.20, 750F-226.53, 730F-111.91]
                75FD  POLYH    Polynomial evaluation H__floating
.index ^Instructions, machine><POLYH
			       [780-579.34, 750-681.13, 730-1255.15]
			       [780F-579.68, 750F-681.13, 730F-415.34]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          The times shown assume a 4th order polynomial.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*POPR instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><POPR
.else manual
2 POPR
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        restore multiple registers from stack
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode mask.rw
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      Restore registers in order R14 .. R0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       Not affected
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         BA    POPR     Pop registers [780-4.20]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The contents of the registers whose number
                corresponds to set bits in the mask operand
                are replaced by longwords popped from the stack.
                R[n] is pushed if mask _<n_> is set. The mask is
                scanned from bit 14 to bit 0. Bit 15 is ignored.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          The time shown assumes R9 only was popped. If R0
                only is popped the time is [780-3.20]. If R0
                through R9 are popped the time is [780-7.80].
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*PROBEx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 PROBEx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        probe accessibility - verify arguments
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode mode.rb,len.rw,base.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      probe__mode = MAXU (mode_<1:0_>, PSL _<PRV__MOD_>);
                condition__codes = {{accessibility of base} AND
                {accessibilty of (base + ZEXT (len) - 1)} using
                probe__mode}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = 0, V = 0, C = 0,
                Z = {if {accessible} then 0 else 1}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Execeptions:    Translation not valid
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        0C    PROBER   Probe read accessibility
.index ^Instructions, machine><PROBER
                0D    PROBEW   Probe write accessibility
.index ^Instructions, machine><PROBEW
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The PROBE instruction checks the read or write
                accessibility of the first and last byte specified
                by base and the zero extended length -- the bytes
                in between are not checked. System software must
                check all the pages in between if they are to be
                accessed. The protection is checked against the
                larger of the modes specified in bits _<1:0_> of the
                mode operand and the previous mode field of the PSL.
                Note that probing with a mode operand of 0 is
                equivalent to probing the previous mode.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*PUSHAx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 PUSHAx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        push address - calculate address of quantity
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode src.ax
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      -(SP) = src
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {result LSS 0}, Z = {result EQL 0}, V = 0, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        9F    PUSHAB   Push address of byte [780-1.20]
.index ^Instructions, machine><PUSHAB
                3F    PUSHAW   Push address of word [780-1.20]
.index ^Instructions, machine><PUSHAW
                DF    PUSHAL   Push address of long [780-1.20]
.index ^Instructions, machine><PUSHAL
                7F    PUSHAQ   Push address of quad [780-1.20]
.index ^Instructions, machine><PUSHAQ
                7FFD  PUSHAO   Push address of octa
.index ^Instructions, machine><PUSHAO
                DF    PUSHAF   Push address of F__floating [780-1.20]
.index ^Instructions, machine><PUSHAF
                7F    PUSHAD   Push address of D__floating [780-1.20]
.index ^Instructions, machine><PUSHAD
                7F    PUSHAG   Push address of G__floating [780-1.20]
.index ^Instructions, machine><PUSHAG
                7FFD  PUSHAH   Push address of H__floating
.index ^Instructions, machine><PUSHAH
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The address of src is pushed on the stack. The context
		in which src is evaluated is given by the data type of
		the instruction. The operand at the address of src is
		not referenced. PUSHAx is equivalent to
		MOVAx src,-(SP) but is shorter.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*PUSHL instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><PUSHL
.else manual
2 PUSHL
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        push source operand onto stack
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode src.rl
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      -(SP) = src
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {src LSS 0}, Z = {src EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         DD    PUSHL    Push long [780-1.00]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The long word source operand is pushed on
                the stack.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          PUSHL is equivalent to MOVL src,-(SP), but is shorter.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*PUSHR instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><PUSHR
.else manual
2 PUSHR
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        save multiple registers on stack
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode mask.rw
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      Save registers in order R0 .. R14
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       Not affected
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         BB    PUSHR    Push registers [780-4.00]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The contents of the registers whose number corresponds
                to set bits in the mask operand are pushed on the
		stack as longwords. R[n] is pushed if mask _<n_> is set.
		The mask is scanned from bit 14 to bit 0. Bit 15 is
		ignored.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          The time shown assumes R9 only is pushed. If R0
                only is pushed the time is [780-3.80]. If R0 through
                R9 are pushed the time is [780-16.20].
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Example:        PUSHR    _#_^M_<R1,R6,R7_>     ;saves R1, R6 and R7
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*REI instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><REI
.else manual
2 REI
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        exit from an exception or interrupt service routine
                and control the return
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      tmp1 = (SP)+; tmp2 = (SP)+;
                if {tmp2_<current__mode_> LSSU PSL_<current__mode_>} OR
                   {{tmp2_<IS_> EQLU 1} AND {PSL_<IS_> EQLU 0}} OR
                   {{tmp2_<IS_> EQLU 1} AND
                    {tmp2_<current__mode_> NEQU 0}} OR
                   {{tmp2_<IS_> EQLU 1} AND {tmp2_<IPL_> EQLU 0}} OR
                   {{tmp2_<IPL_> GRTU 0} AND
                    {tmp2_<current__mode_> NEQU 0}} OR
                   {tmp2_<previous__mode_> LSSU tmp2_<current__mode_>} OR
                   {tmp2_<IPL_> GTRU PSL_<IPL_>} OR
                   {tmp2_<PSL__MBZ_> NEQU 0} then
                  {reserved operand fault};
                if {tmp2_<CM_> EQLU 1} AND
                   {{tmp2_<FPD, IS, DV, FU, IV_> NEQU 0} OR
                   {tmp2_<current__mode_> NEQU 3}} then
                  {reserved operand fault};
                if PSL_<IS_> EQLU 1 then ISP = SP else
                  PSL_<current__mode_>__SP = SP;
                if PSL_<TP_> EQLU 1 then tmp2_<TP_> = 1;
                PC = tmp1;
                PSL = tmp2;
                if PSL_<IS_> EQLU 0 then
                begin
                  SP = PSL_<current__mode_>__SP;
                  if PSL_<current__mode_> GEQU ASTLVL
                  then {request interrupt at IPL 2};
                end;
                {check for software interrupts}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {saved PSL_<3_>}, Z = {saved PSL_<2_>},
                V = {saved PSL_<1_>}, C = {saved PSL_<0_>}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         02    REI      Return from exception or interrupt
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    A longword is popped from the current stack and
                held in a temporary PC. A second longword is popped
                and held in a temporary PSL. Validity of the popped
                PSL is checked. The current stack pointer is saved
                and a new stack is selected according to the new
                PSL current__mode and IS fields. The level of the
                highest privilege AST is checked against the current
                access mode to see whether a pending AST can be
                delivered. Execution resumes with the instruction
                being executed at the time of the exception or
                interrupt. Any instruction lookahead in the CPU
                is reinitialized.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          The exception or interrupt service routine is
                responsible for restoring any registers saved
                and removing any parameters from the stack.
                As usual for faults, any access violation or
                translation not valid conditions on the stack
                restore the stack pointer and fault. The
                noninterrupt stack pointers may be fetched and
                stored by hardware either in internal registers
                or in their allocated slots in the Process Control
                block. MFPR and MTPR always fetch and store the
                pointers whether in registers or the Process
                Control Block.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*REMQUE instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><REMQUE
.else manual
2 REMQUE
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        remove entry from head or tail of queue
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode entry.ab,addr.wl
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      if {all memory accesses can be completed} then
                begin
                  ((entry+4)) = (entry); ((entry)+4) = (entry+4);
                  addr = entry;
                end;
                else begin
                  {backup instruction}; {initiate fault};
                end;
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {(entry) LSS (entry+4)},
                Z = {(entry) EQL (entry+4)},
                V = {entry EQL (entry + 4)},
                C = {(entry) LSSU (entry+4)}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         0F    REMQUE   Remove entry from queue [780-6.00]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The queue entry specified by entry is removed from
                the queue. The address operand is replaced by the
                address of the entry removed. If there way no entry
                in the queue to be removed, the condition code V is
                set; otherwise it is cleared. The removal is a
                noninterruptable operation. The entire operation is
                validated before any part is executed. If a memory
                management exception occurs the queue is left in a
                consistent state.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          Processes running in kernel mode can share queues
                with interrupt routines because the operation cannot
                be interrupted. REMQUE is implemented so that various
                processes within a single processor can share a queue
                provided that insertions and removals are done only
                at the head or the tail of the queue. REMQUE is
                similar to the interlocked sequence:
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
                  MOVL    entry,@entry+4
                  MOVL    entry,tempreg
                  MOVL    entry+4,4(tempreg)
                  MOVAB   entry,addr
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
                The time shown is valid for both empty and nonempty
                queues containing both single and multiple entries.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*RET instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><RET
.else manual
2 RET
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:          return from called procedure
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:           opcode
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:        {restore SP from FP}; {restore registers};
                  {drop stack alignment};
                  {if CALLS, remove arglist}; {restore PSW}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:         N = tmp1_<3_>, Z = tmp1_<2_>, V = tmp1_<1_>,
                  C = tmp1_<0_>
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:       Reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:           04    RET      Return from procedure [780-4.60]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    SP is replaced with FP plus 4. A longword containing
                stack alignment in bits 31:30, a CALLS/CALLG flag in
                bit 29, the low 12 bits of the procedure entry mask
                in bits 27:16 and a saved PSW in bits 15:0 is popped
                from the stack and saved in a temporary (tmp1). PC,
                FP and AP are replaced by longwords popped from the
                stack. A register restore mask is formed from bits
                27:16 of tmp1. Scanning from bit 0 to bit 11 of tmp1,
                the contents of the registers whose numbers are
                indicated by set bits in the restore mask are
                replaced by longwords popped from the stack. SP is
                incremented by bits 31:30 of tmp1. PSW is replaced by
                bits 15:0 of tmp1. If bit 29 of tmp1 is 1 (indicating
                a CALLS was used) a longword containing the number of
                arguments is popped from the stack. Four times the
                unsigned value of the low byte of this longword is
                added to SP and SP is replaced by the result.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          A reserved operand fault occurs if tmp1_<15:8_> NEQ
                0. The condition codes will be unpredictable if a
                reserved operand fault occurs. The value of bit 28
                of tmp1 is ignored. The time shown is for a return
                from a CALLS where no registers were saved. The
                corresponding time for a CALLG return is [780-4.20].
		If R0 through R9 are saved the times are CALLS -
                [780-9.60], CALLG - [780-9.20]. No arguments were
		passed in the CALLS timing examples.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*ROTL instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><ROTL
.else manual
2 ROTL
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        rotate of integer
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode cnt.rb,src.rl,dst.wl
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      dst = src rotated cnt bits
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         9C    ROTL     Rotate long
			       [780-1.20, 750-1.28, 730-7.47]
			       [780F-1.20, 750F-1.28, 730F-7.36]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The source operand is rotated logically by the number
                of bits specified by the count operand and the
		destination is replaced by the result. The source
		operand is unaffected. A positive count rotates to the
		left, a negative to the right. A 0 count leaves the
		value unaffected.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          The time shown is valid at least for the tested
                distances of 1, 10, 31 and -31 on the 780. The
		time has been tested for a rotate of 10 only on
		the 750 and 730.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*RSB instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><RSB
.else manual
2 RSB
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        return from subroutine -
		return control from subroutine
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      PC = (SP)+
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       Not affected
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         05    RSB      Return from subroutine [780-1.00]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          RSB is equivalent to JMP @(SP)+, but is one byte
		shorter.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*SBWC instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><SBWC
.else manual
2 SBWC
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        subtract with carry - perform extended-precision
                subtraction
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode sub.rl,dif.ml
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      dif = dif - sub - C
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {dif LSS 0}, Z = {dif EQL 0},
                V = {integer overflow}, C = {borrow from MSB}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Integer overflow
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         D9    SBWC     Subtract with carry [780-0.40]
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*SCANC instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><SCANC
.else manual
2 SCANC
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        to find one of a set of characters in a string
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode len.rw,addr.ab,tbladdr.ab,mask.rb
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      {mask each character until not zero}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = 0, Z = {R0 EQL 0}, Z = 0, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         2A    SCANC    Scan characters
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The bytes of the string specified by addr and len are
                used to index into a 256 byte table pointed to by
                tbladdr. The byte selected from the table is ANDed
                with mask. The operand proceeds until the result of
                the AND is nonzero or all the bytes of the string have
		been exhausted. If a nonzero AND result is detected
		the Z bit is set, otherwise it is cleared.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          After execution R0 = number of bytes remaining in the
                string (R0 = 0 only if Z is clear), R1 = address of
                the byte which produced a nonzero AND result or the
		address of one byte beyond the string, R2 = 0 and R3 =
		the address of the table.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*SKPC instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><SKPC
.else manual
2 SKPC
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        to skip a character in a string
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode char.rb,len.rw,addr.ab
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      {compare each character until not equal}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = 0, Z = {R0 EQL 0}, Z = 0, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         3B    SKPC     Scan characters
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    char is compared with the bytes of the string
                specified by addr and len. Comparison continues until
                char does not equal the character in the string or
                until the string is exhausted. If inequality is
		detected the Z bit is set, otherwise it is cleared.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          After execution R0 = number of bytes remaining
                in the string (R0 = 0 only if Z is clear) and R1
                = address of the byte which produced inequality
                or the address of one byte beyond the string.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*SOBxxx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 SOBxxx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        subtract one and branch - decrement integer loop count
                and loop
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode index.ml,displ.bb
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      index = index - 1; if {{SOBGEQ} and {index GEQ 0}} or
                {{SOBGTR} and {index GTR 0}} then
		PC = PC + SEXT (displ)
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {index LSS 0}, Z = {index EQL 0},
                V = {integer overflow}, C = C
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Integer overflow
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        F4    SOBGEQ   Subtract one, branch greater or equal
.index ^Instructions, machine><SOBGEQ
			       [780-1.00]
                F5    SOBGTR   Subtract one, branch greater than
.index ^Instructions, machine><SOBGTR
			       [780-1.00]
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          The times shown assume the branch is taken. If it is
                not the time for both instructions is [780-0.80].
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*SPANC instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><SPANC
.else manual
2 SPANC
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        to skip a set of characters in a string
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode len.rw,addr.ab,tbladdr.ab,mask.rb
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      {mask each character until zero}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = 0, Z = {R0 EQL 0}, Z = 0, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         2B    SPANC    Span characters
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The bytes of the string specified by addr and len are
                used to index into a 256 byte table pointed to by
                tbladdr. The byte selected from the table is ANDed
                with mask. The operand proceeds until the result of
                the AND is zero or all the bytes of the string have
                been exhausted. If a zero AND result is detected the
		Z bit is set, otherwise it is cleared.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          After execution R0 = number of bytes remaining in the
                string (R0 = 0 only if Z is clear), R1 = address of
		the byte which produced a zero AND result or the
		address of one byte beyond the string, R2 = 0 and R3 =
		the address of the table.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*SUBxx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 SUBxx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        perform arithmetic subtraction
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode sub.rx,dif.mx                        ;2 operand
                opcode sub.rx,min.rx,dif.wx                 ;3 operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      dif = dif - sub                         ;2 operand
                dif = min - sub                         ;3 operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {dif LSS 0}, Z = {dif EQL 0},
                V = {overflow}, C = 0 (floating),
                C = {borrow from MSB (integer)}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Integer/floating overflow, floating
                underflow, reserved operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        82    SUBB2    Subtract byte 2 operand [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><SUBB2
                83    SUBB3    Subtract byte 3 operand [780-0.60]
.index ^Instructions, machine><SUBB3
                A2    SUBW2    Subtract word 2 operand [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><SUBW2
                A3    SUBW3    Subtract word 3 operand [780-0.60]
.index ^Instructions, machine><SUBW3
                C2    SUBL2    Subtract long 2 operand [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><SUBL2
                C3    SUBL3    Subtract long 3 operand [780-0.60]
.index ^Instructions, machine><SUBL3
                42    SUBF2    Subtract F__floating 2 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><SUBF2
			       [780-2.21, 750-9.29, 730-45.69]
			       [780F-0.80, 750F-1.32, 730F-6.57]
                43    SUBF3    Subtract F__floating 3 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><SUBF3
                62    SUBD2    Subtract D__floating 2 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><SUBD2
			       [780-9.44, 750-14.72, 730-75.06]
			       [780F-1.40, 750F-2.45, 730F-15.21]
                63    SUBD3    Subtract D__floating 3 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><SUBD3
                42FD  SUBG2    Subtract G__floating 2 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><SUBG2
			       [780-14.46, 750-25.28, 730-76.44]
			       [780F-14.47, 750F-25.28, 730F-18.81]
                43FD  SUBG3    Subtract G__floating 3 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><SUBG3
                62FD  SUBH2    Subtract H__floating 2 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><SUBH2
			       [780-27.73, 750-38.60, 730-122.43]
			       [780F-27.73, 750F-38.60, 730F-26.08]
                63FD  SUBH3    Subtract H__floating 3 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><SUBH3
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*SUBPx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 SUBPx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        subtract one packed decimal string from a second
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode sublen.rw,subaddr.ab,
                       diflen.rw,difaddr.ab                 ;4 operand
                opcode sublen.rw,subaddr.ab,minlen.rw,
                       minaddr.ab,diflen.rw,difaddr.ab      ;6 operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      {dif string} = {dif string} - {sub string}  ;4 operand
                {dif string} = {min string} - {sub string}  ;6 operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {{dif string} LSS 0}, V = {decimal overflow},
                Z = {{dif string} EQL 0}, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand, decimal overflow
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcode:         25    SUBP4    Subtract packed 4 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><SUBP4
                23    SUBP6    Subtract packed 6 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><SUBP6
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    sub as specified by subaddr and sublen is subtracted
                from dif as specified by difaddr and diflen (in 4
                operand form) or min as specified by minaddr and
                minlen (in 6 operand form) and the result is placed
                in dif.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          After execution R0 = R2 = 0, R1 = address of the most
                significant digit of sub and R3 = address of the most
                significant digit of dif (SUBP4) or min (SUBP6). For
                SUBP6 only, R4 = 0 and R5 = address of the most
                significant digit of dif. dif, the registers used and
                the condition codes are unpredictable if dif overlaps
                sub or min, any of the source strings contain an
                invalid nibble, or a reserved operand abort occurs.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*SVPCTX instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><SVPCTX
.else manual
2 SVPCTX
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        save processor context - save register and
                memory management context
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      if PSL_<current-mode_> NEQU 0 then {opcode reserved
                to Digital fault}; {save process general registers
                in the process control block}; {remove PSL and PC
                from stack and save in PCB}; {switch to interrupt
                stack}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       Not affected
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Reserved operand, privileged instruction
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        07    SVPCTX   Load process context
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The process control block is specified by the
                internal processor register PCBB (process control
                block base). The general registers are saved in
                the PCB. If the current stack in use is the kernel
                stack, execution is changed to the interrupt
                stack.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*TSTx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 TSTx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        arithmetic compare of a scalar to 0.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode src.rx
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      src - 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {src LSS 0}, Z = {src EQL 0}, V = 0, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None (integer), reserved operand (floating)
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        95    TSTB     Test byte [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><TSTB
                B5    TSTW     Test word [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><TSTW
                D5    TSTL     Test long [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><TSTL
                53    TSTF     Test F__floating [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><TSTF
                73    TSTD     Test D__floating [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><TSTD
                53FD  TSTG     Test G__floating
.index ^Instructions, machine><TSTG
                73FD  TSTH     Test H__floating
.index ^Instructions, machine><TSTH
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    The condition codes are affected according to
                the values of src.
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Notes:          TSTx src is equivalent to CMPx src,_#0, but is
                shorter. On reserved operand, the condition
                codes are unpredictable.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*XFC instruction\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.index ^Instructions, machine><XFC
.else manual
2 XFC
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        extended function call - provides customer-defined
                extensions to the instruction set
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      {XFC fault}
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = 0, Z = 0, V = 0, C = 0
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     Opcode reserved to customer, customer reserved
                exception
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        FC    XFC      Extended function call
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    This instruction requests services of nonstandard
                microcode or software. If no special microcode is
                loaded, then an exception is generated to a kernel
                mode software simulator. Typically the byte after
                the XFC would request a specific service. Parameters
                would be passed either as normal operands or in the
                registers.
.if manual
.test page 10
.send toc .ifnot global
.save
.flags bold
.hl 1 ^*XORxx instructions\*
.restore
.send toc .endif global
.else manual
2 XORxx
.endif manual
.nf
Purpose:        perform logical exclusive OR of two integers
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Format:         opcode mask.rx,dst.mx                       ;2 operand
                opcode mask.rx,src.rx,dst.rx                ;3 operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Operation:      dst = dst XOR mask                          ;2 operand
                dst = src XOR mask                          ;3 operand
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
C. Codes:       N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Exceptions:     None
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Opcodes:        88    XORB2    Exclusive OR byte, 2 operand [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><XORB2
                89    XORB3    Exclusive OR byte, 3 operand [780-0.60]
.index ^Instructions, machine><XORB3
                A8    XORW2    Exclusive OR word, 2 operand [780-0.40]
.index ^Instructions, machine><XORW2
                A9    XORW3    Exclusive OR word, 3 operand [780-0.60]
.index ^Instructions, machine><XORW3
                C8    XORL2    Exclusive OR long, 2 operand
.index ^Instructions, machine><XORL2
			       [780-0.40, 750-0.93, 730-2.58]
			       [780F-0.40, 750F-0.93, 730F-2.54]
                C9    XORL3    Exclusive OR long, 3 operand [780-0.60]
.index ^Instructions, machine><XORL3
.if manual
.s 1
.endif manual
Description:    In 2 operand format, dst is XORed with mask and dst
                is replaced by the result. In 3 operand format, src
                is XORed with mask and dst is replaced by the result.
.f