! VMSA User GUIDE
! Version 1.1
! Version 1.0 Sep. 1987		B.Pashkoff, R. Birman
!	Taken from the Technion Computer Center VMSA User Guide
! Version 1.1 Oct. 1988         B.Pashkoff
!       Changes and reorganization.
! Version 1.2 Dec.  1988         B.Pashkoff
!       Changes to File_spec protection, expansion of Mail, and reorganization
!
1 User_Guide
This is the VMSA Users' Guide. Most topics are for new users, some
topics for old users returning to VAX/VMS, and topics specific to
VMSA for users coming from other VAX/VMS sites are presented here.
At the prompt, type in the name of the topic you wish to read about. 
When you wish to leave HELP, keep typing the RETURN key until you 
receive the vmsa$ prompt.

2 Getting_started
	
The following items will be of interest to new users. 
It is highly encouraged that new users read over all of the topics in this
area at the earliest possible time. Many questions that new users have will
be answered here.

3 Logging_in

Turn on your terminal. Press  <RETURN>, and you will be prompted 
first for your USERNAME, and then for your PASSWORD. 

The prompt:   vmsa$  

indicates that you have successfully logged in to VAX/VMS. 
If either the PASSWORD or the USERNAME is incorrect, 
you will get the message: 
"User authorization failure". 

If so, try again. If you do not succeed,
please contact the system manager for help.

3 Special Keys

Some terminal keys have special functions which make 
working on VAX/VMS easier. The top row keys on VT220 keyboards 
are called function keys. For example, pressing <F1> stops the 
screen from scrolling and pressing <F1> again restarts the scrolling.

The key marked CTRL is always used in conjunction with a letter key. 
For example: CTRL/Z. The two keys are pressed at the same time.

The functions below can be performed, either by CTRL keys or, 
on the VT220 terminals, by the function keys.





Keys for Editing the Command Line
---------------------------------
Key                         Function                           
<F12> or CTRL/H             Move the cursor to the beginning of the line.

<F14> or CTRL/A             Change from Overstrike mode to Insert mode 
                            and vice versa.

<Up arrow>                  Retrieve previous commands.
			       	
<Down arrow>                Change the direction of the search to 
                            retrieve a previous command.

CTRL/E                      Move the cursor to the end of the line.

CTRL/U                      Delete the text to the left of the cursor.
 





Interrupt Keys
--------------
<F1> or                     Hold screen / Scroll screen.
CTRL/S and CTRL/Q           CTRL/S - Hold screen, 
                            CTRL/Q - Scroll screen.

<F6> or CTRL/C or CTRL/Y    Interrupt a command or a program and 
                            return to the DCL command level.

<F10> or CTRL/Z             Exit from Mail or Help utilities. 

CTRL/T                      Display information on current process; 
                            it does not effect the process

3 Commands

You communicate with VAX/VMS by entering DCL (Digital Command Language) 
commands. Type the commands in continuation of the  vmsa$  prompt and 
then press <RETURN>.

Each DCL command consists of a verb, parameters and qualifiers. 
For example, the following PRINT command:

        PRINT FILE1.LIS, FILE2.LIS /COPIES=2 
          ^        ^         ^       ^
          |        |         |       |------ Qualifier
          |        |---------|-------------- Parameters
          ---------------------------------- Verb




This command tells the operating system to print (verb) file1.lis and 
file2.lis (parameters); two copies (qualifier) of each file. 

o The printer queue is not specified, therefore the files will be 
  printed on the default printer (SYS$PRINT).
o A slash (/) precedes each qualifier. 
o A command can contain more than one qualifier and the qualifiers 
  can be positioned before or after the parameters. For example:

	PRINT /COPIES=2 /QUEUE=SYS$LPRINT  *.LIS 

o The asterisk (*) indicates that all files with file type LIS are 
  to be printed.
o The command qualifier /QUEUE specifies that the files be printed 
  on the LN03 Laser Printer.


3 HELP

To obtain online documentation, enter the command:

	HELP 

The first screen displays useful general information - READ IT CAREFULLY!
If you know which subject you are interested in, but not the 
name of the command, you may want to read: Hints. 

If you press <RETURN>, the second screen is a list of commands 
and subjects available. Type the command you need information on.
The third screen shows a list of Help topics specific to this computer.

At any stage you can return to the previous display by entering: ?

To leave the HELP environment enter: 
CTRL/Z or <RETURN> as many times as needed.

3 Local Software

A number of compilers and special application software packages are 
currently available on VAX/VMS such as:
VAX FORTRAN, VAX C, VAX PASCAL, IMSL, REDUCE, TeX, TOPDRAW, KERMIT, UGS, 
MACSYMA, SAS, and SAS/GRAPH

For on-line detailed HELP on how to run locally maintained software, 
enter:

	$ LOCAL

The same information is also available in the form of publication at the 
Computer  Center library (see Other Sources). 

Locally maintained Public Domain software is described in the
HELP SETUP guide.

3 Logging_out

To terminate the session, type at the vmsa$ prompt:

	LOGOUT

You may obtain information on the resources used in the session 
by using the  /FULL qualifier as follows:  LOGOUT/FULL

2 Directories

A file contains information such as the text of a document, 
a FORTRAN program, data to be read by a program etc. Files are 
stored in directories. Different users may have separate directories 
and sub-directories. The name of a user's main directory is usually
his USERNAME. A directory file contains the names and locations of 
files in a format that only the system understands.

In VAX/VMS you can store your files in the main directory or in 
subdirectories. It is convenient to organize your files in different 
subdirectories according to different subjects. The names of directories 
and subdirectories, when displayed, are always enclosed within brackets. 
For example, if your main directory is: [ABCOVED], you could create the 
following subdirectories:

[ABCOVED.FORTRAN]     - for FORTRAN programs, 
[ABCOVED.PASCAL]      - for PASCAL programs, 
[ABCOVED.PASCAL.DOC]] - for documentation on the PASCAL programs,
[ABCOVED.NOTES]       - for letters etc.

3 Creating a Subdirectory

After logging in, you are, by default, in your main directory. 
If you wanted to create a subdirectory named FORTRAN you may enter:

	CREATE/DIRECTORY [.FORTRAN]

This creates the subdirectory  [ABCOVED.FORTRAN].
The file FORTRAN.DIR itself is in the directory one level above the 
subdirectory i.e. in [ABCOVED].

When you wish to use a file (i.e. create, copy, rename, delete etc.) 
you can choose one of two ways:

o You can specify a complete pathname as in:

	EDIT [ABCOVED.NOTES]MYNOTE.DAT

o You can move to the target subdirectory and then edit the file, as in:

	SET DEF [.NOTES]

	EDIT MYNOTE.DAT

The SET DEF or SET DEFAULT command places you into the 
subdirectory in which you wish to work. As long as you will 
be working with files that are stored in this subdirectory, 
you will not need to specify the subdirectory.

To move to other subdirectories, use the following commands:

SHOW DEF 		- To show you the current directory 
                          you are working in.

SET DEF ["path"]	- To set the new default directory or subdirectory.

3 Moving between directories

To show you the current directory you are working in.

	SHOW DEF 

Assuming the screen displays: 
	[ABCOVED.PASCAL.DOC]. 
To use a file in the subdirectory [ABCOVED.PASCAL]. 
You could enter:

	SET DEF [-]
 
This is a shortcut for moving one step "up" in the tree of subdirectories.

To move one level downwards in the directory tree, you may use:

	SET DEF [.DOC]

The string ".DOC" is concatenated to the current directory name 
ABCOVED.PASCAL, so you will be back in: [ABCOVED.PASCAL.DOC]

To move from one subdirectory to another on the same tree level, 
you will always have to go all the way up to the main directory and 
then come down again. In this case it is more convenient to specify 
the whole path than using the shortcuts. 
For example, from [ABCOVED.PASCAL.DOC] you want to "move" to
[ABCOVED.FORTRAN], you can enter:

	SET DEF [ABCOVED.FORTRAN]

	rather than a series of moves up and then descending. 

To return to your main directory, enter:

	SET DEF [ABCOVED] or SET DEF SYS$LOGIN   
  
3 Listing the Subdirectories

To list all subdirectories below the current directory, enter:

	DIR [...]*.DIR

To list the subdirectories one level lower in the tree.

	DIR *.DIR

3 Deleting a Subdirectory

In order to delete a directory, it must be empty of files. 
So, be very careful before you delete all files. For example, 
if you want to delete the directory [.NOTES],
do the following steps:

o Be sure you are in the right directory by checking with:

	SHOW DEF

o List all files, before you delete them. 

	DIR /DATE /SIZE

   At this stage you may change your mind and decide to move some files to 
   another directory. The command is: COPY file_name [directory]*.* or
   RENAME file_name [directory]*.*.

o Delete all files:

	DELETE *.*;*

   If you type DIR, you will now receive the message:

%DIRECT-W-NOFILES, no files found.

o Go one directory "up" where the subdirectory file 
  NOTES.DIR is listed as a file.

	SET DEF [-]

o To delete a directory, you need to change its protection.
The following command will do this:

	SET PROTECTION=OWNER:D NOTES.DIR

For more information on file protections see the topic File_Protection.

o Finally, delete the directory:

	DELETE NOTES.DIR;
 
2 EDT_Editor    

The default editor under VMS is EDT. There are other options available
please see HELP SETUP for information on these other options.
There may also be special macros defined for EDT, information for
such is also in HELP SETUP.

This discussion is restricted to the EDT editor.

3 Modes 

Editing can be done in two modes: in LINE MODE or in KEYPAD MODE. 
When you login, you enter KEYPAD MODE by default. You will know 
that you are in LINE MODE if an asterisk (*) is displayed in column one.
You may switch between modes as follows: 

- From KEYPAD MODE to LINE MODE:  Press CTRL and Z keys at the same time 
                                  (CTRL/Z). An asterisk (*) in column one 
                                  indicates LINE MODE. 

- From LINE MODE to KEYPAD MODE:  Press the key C (CHANGE) after the 
                                  asterisk (*) (*C). 

To end the session you need to be in LINE MODE 
(see "Ending the Session" below). 

3 Invoking 

Invoke the EDT editor with the EDIT command as follows: 

	EDIT MYFOR.FOR

If you create a new file, the terminal displays: 

Input file does not exist [EOB] * 

You are in LINE MODE. Change to KEYPAD MODE by entering C 
after the asterisk (*C).
You are now in KEYPAD MODE, and may start editing your file. 
 
3 Keypad_mode

The EDT Keypad mode is a full screen editor that defines the keys 
in the auxiliary keypad to the right to perform multiple functions.
It is also possible to redefine these keys and others to perform
special functions as you need. Please refer to either the EDT 
reference manual (Other Sources).

When in Keypad mode, HELP is available by pressing the PF2 key
on the keypad to the right. This will first display the 
default key definitions. Help on each of these definitions is 
then available by pressing the appropriate key.

The following is a representation of what you will see:



+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|[7mGOLD[m    | HELP   |FNDNXT  |DEL  L  |
|        |        | [7m FIND [m |[7mUND  L [m |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| PAGE   | SECT   |APPEND  | DEL W  |
| [7mCOMM[m   | [7mFILL[m   |  [7mREP[m   |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|ADVANCE |BACKUP  | CUT    | DEL C  |
|[7mBOTTOM [m | [7m TOP [m  | [7mPASTE [m |[7m UND C  [m|
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| WORD   |  EOL   | CHAR   |        |
| [7mCHCS[m   | [7mDEOL[m  | [7mSPECINS[m | ENTER  |
+--------+--------+--------+        |
|      LINE       |SELECT  |        |
|      [7mOP L[m       | [7mRESET[m  |        |
+-----------------+--------+--------+




4 Key_descriptions
                                                     
GOLD (PF1) -     Auxiliary key which in conjunction with another key 
  		 performs a function.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
HELP (PF2) -     Display information on keypad mode editing keys.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
FNDNXT (PF3) -   (Find Next) Locate the next occurrence of the string, 
                 entered by FIND, in the current direction 
                 (ADVANCE or BACKUP).
FIND (GOLD/PF3) - Locate the string that you type when EDT 
                  prompts for it.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
DEL L (PF4) -    (Delete Line) Delete text from the current position 
                 of cursor to the beginning of the next line. 
                 The deleted line is kept in the deleted line buffer.
UND L (GOLD/PF4) - (Undelete Line) Insert the contents of the delete 
                   line buffer to the left of cursor.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
PAGE ( 7 )       Move the cursor to the top or to the 
                 bottom of the buffer.
COMMAND (GOLD/7) Use a LINE MODE command without leaving KEYPAD MODE. 
                 Type the command and hit RETURN or ENTER.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
SECT ( 8 )       (Section) Move the cursor 16 lines in the current 
                 direction.
FILL (GOLD/8)    Reformat the text in the select range, so that as 
                 many whole words as possible are included 
                 (according to SET SCREEN or SET WRAP value).
---------------------------------------------------------------------
APPEND ( 9 )     Delete the selected range from the current buffer, 
                 append it to the end of the paste buffer.
REPLACE (GOLD/9) Delete the selected range and replace it with 
                 the contents of the paste buffer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
DEL W ( _ )      (Delete Word) Delete characters starting with the 
                 current position of the cursor to the beginning of 
                 next word. The deleted word is kept in the word buffer.
UND W (GOLD/_)   (Undelete Word) Insert the contents of the delete 
                 word buffer to the left of the cursor.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
ADVANCE ( 4 )    Set the editing direction forward: to the right and 
                 towards the bottom of the buffer.
BOTTOM (GOLD/4)  Move the cursor to the end of the buffer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
BACKUP ( 5 )     Set the editing direction backward: to the left and 
                 towards the top of the buffer.
TOP (GOLD/5)     Move the cursor to the top of the buffer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
CUT ( 6 )        Delete the selected range and place it in the 
                 PASTE buffer.
PASTE (GOLD/6)   Insert the contents of the PASTE buffer to the left 
                 of the cursor.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
DEL C (,)        (Delete Character) Delete one character starting with 
                 the current position of the cursor to the beginning 
                 of next line. The deleted character is kept in the 
                 deleted character buffer.
UND C (GOLD/,)   (Undelete Line) Insert the contents of the deleted 
                 character buffer to the left of the cursor.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
WORD ( 1 )       Move the cursor to the beginning of the next word in 
                 the current direction.
CHNGCASE (GOLD/1) (Change Case) Change the case of all letters in a 
                  selected range or current search string, or the 
                  current letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
EOL ( 2 )        (End of Line) Move the cursor to the next line 
                 terminator in the current direction.
DEL EOL (GOLD/2) (Delete to End of Line) Delete text from the current 
                 cursor position to the end of the line. The deleted 
                 text replaces the contents of the deleted line buffer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAR ( 3 )       Move the cursor one character in the current direction.
SPECINS (GOLD/3) (Special Insert) Allow to insert any character from 
                 the DEC Multinational Character Set into your text 
                 by entering the decimal equivalent value 
                 for the character.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
ENTER (ENTER)    Send a command (GOLD/7) or search string (GOLD/PF3) 
                 for processing. 
SUBS  (GOLD/ENTER) Replace the next occurrence of the current search 
                   string in your text with the content of the PASTE 
                 buffer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE  ( 0 )      Move the cursor to the beginning of the next line in 
                 the current direction.
OPEN LINE (GOLD/0) Add a new line below the cursor. The cursor does 
                 not move.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
SELECT ( . )     Mark one end of a selected range. By moving the 
                 cursor you mark the range. 
                 (This is the first action of CUT, APPEND, FILL)
RESET (GOLD/.)   Cancel the select range and set the direction 
                 to forward.
---------------------------------------------------------------------

4 Useful_Keys

   (Some of these Keys are only on a VT220 terminal, 
    on ALL terminals, PF2 is HELP)

 	    H E L P - display information on the different keys. 

	    DEL Line, DEL Word, DEL Character. If you change your mind
	     - use  UND L, UND W, UND C. 

	    SELECT - Mark an area for subsequent copying or moving. 
            To cancel use - RESET. 

	    CUT (PASTE) - To copy or move one or more lines. 

	    TOP, BOTTOM - Bring the cursor to the top or the 
		bottom of the file. 

	    EOL - Bring the cursor to the end of the line. 

4 Functions

The following are frequently needed functions 
and how to implement them:

5 Add_line

  Add a new line -                   RETURN 

5 End_of_line

  Go to the end of a line -          EOL (2). 

5 Beginning_of_line

  Go to the beginning of a line -    BS (F12) 

5 Move_block

  Move a block of lines -
        Move the cursor to the beginning of the block.         
        Select the lines - SELECT 
                   [(.) Use the key with the period on it].
        Move the cursor to the end of the block.
        Preserve the lines in the PASTE BUFFER - CUT (6).         
        Move the cursor to the the target location.
        Copy from the PASTE BUFFER - PASTE(GOLD/6). 

5 Copy_block

  Copy a block of lines - 
        This is similar to moving a block of lines, 
        but you must PASTE twice:

        Move the cursor to the beginning of the block.
        Select the lines- SELECT (.)
        Move the cursor to the end of block.
        Preserve the lines in PASTE BUFFER - CUT (6).
        Copy the lines back to original location - PASTE (GOLD/6).
        Move the cursor to the the target location.
        Copy from the PASTE BUFFER - PASTE (GOLD/6). (second time) 


5 Find_string

  Find a string -
        Move the cursor to the top of the file - TOP (GOLD/5).        
        Press FIND (GOLD/PF3) - The display at the bottom 
        of the screen is: 
          search for: 

        Enter the string to be searched for, 
        but DON'T press RETURN, press:
        FNDNXT (PF3) - The cursor will point to the first occurrence,
                        if there is one.
        FNDNXT (PF3) - Press for the next occurrence. 

5 Change_scroll

  Change the direction of the screen scroll - 
        BACKUP (5) or ADVANCE (4). 

5 Top

  Go to the top of the file - 
        TOP (GOLD/5) 

5 Bottom

  Go to the bottom of the file - 
        BOTTOM (GOLD/4) 

3 Line_mode 

Explained here are only a few of the more popular Line Mode commands.

Get HELP on LINE MODE Functions -
      *HELP

Find a specific line, for example line 236 -	
      *236

Advance by a specific number of lines, for example 37 lines -
      *+37
	
Replace string1 by string2 in a specified range, or in the current line - 
      *SUBSTITUTE /string1 /string2 / 1 through end

Copy an external file to the cursor location - 
      *INCLUDE	 kuku.for

3 Exit

To leave the editor press CTRL/Z. 
You are in LINE MODE if an * is displayed.

Enter: EXIT (*EXIT) to save the edited file. 
                    A new version of the file is created. 
Enter: QUIT (*QUIT) to exit without saving any changes. 
Enter: C    (*C)    to remain in the editor.
                    This will return to Screen mode
2 TPU_Editor    

	ET is an extension of the EDT emulator written in TPU, 
Text Processing Utility. It is available to general VMSA users by 
typing SETUP ET or inserting this as a command in the LOGIN.COM file. 
ET has extensions that allow the user to edit different files or multiple 
parts of the same file using two or more windows on the screen. ET also 
allows the user to access DCL, the Digital Command Language from the editor, 
and to incorporate output from DCL commands into the current edit session.

3 Keypad
  The basic ET keypad is very similar to the standard EDT keypad as shown
below:
_______________________    _______________________________
| HELP  |      Do       |  |Rec SEL|Rec REM|RecINHE|DRA BOX|
|›;7mKeyDefs›m|›;7m               ›m|  |›;7mOne Win›m|›;7mSpl Win›m|›;7mPre Buf›m|›;7mPre Win›m|
|_______|_______________|  |_______|_______|_______|_______|
 _______________________    _______________________________
| Find  |Ins Her|Remove |  | Gold  | HELP  |FndNxt | Del L |
|›;7mWil Fin›m|›;7mRestore›m|›;7mSto Tex›m|  |  key  |›;7mKeyDefs›m|›;7m Find  ›m|›;7mRes Lin›m|
|_______|_______|_______|  |_______|_______|_______|_______|
|Select |Pre Scr|Nex Scr|  |MovByPa| Sect  |Append | Del W |
|›;7m Reset ›m|›;7mPre Win›m|›;7mNex Win›m|  |›;7m  Do   ›m|›;7m Fill  ›m|›;7mEDT Rep›m|›;7mRes Wor›m|
|_______|_______|_______|  |_______|_______|_______|_______|
        |Move up|          |Forward|Reverse|Remove | Del C |
        |›;7mPre Scr›m|          |›;7mBottom ›m|›;7m  Top  ›m|›;7mIns Her›m|›;7mRes Cha›m|
 _______|_______|_______   |_______|_______|_______|_______|
|Mov Lef|Mov Dow|Mov Rig|  | Word  |  EOL  | Char  |       |
|›;7mShi Lef›m|›;7mNex Scr›m|›;7mShi Rig›m|  |›;7mChngCas›m|›;7mDel EOL›m|›;7mSpecIns›m|       |
|_______|_______|_______|  |_______|_______|_______|Return |
                           |   EDT Line    |Select |›;7m Subs  ›m|
                           |›;7m   Open Line   ›m|›;7m Reset ›m|       |
                           |_______________|_______|_______|

3 Command_keys
 	
	The PF1 key is defined as the GOLD key just like in EDT.
ET extensions are either GOLD key extensions, CONTROL Key extensions,
or definitions of the Function Keys (F1-F20) on LK-201 style 
Keyboards and terminals emulating VT200 or VT300 terminals.

4 GOLD_keys
  All GOLD keys are activated by pressing the GOLD key and 
  the specific key together. The GOLD key is defined as PF1.

5 Up-Arrow 
  Moves up one screen (22 lines).

5 Down-Arrow
  Moves down one screen (22 lines).

5 Right-Arrow
  Shifts screen to the right 40 columns.

5 Left-Arrow
  Shifts Screen to the left 40 columns.

5 Shift-#
  Sets a mark at the current location. 10 different marks are available
  (shifted 0-9) 

5 #
  Moves to mark located at location #. 10 different marks are available
  (0-9)

5 +
  Go to next buffer.

5 -
  Go to previous buffer.

5 =
  Go to Main file buffer.

5 D  
  Deletes current buffer contents.

5 L
  Displays current location within buffer.
  for example:
  You are on line 36 out of 45 (80%).

5 M
  Prepares current buffer for MAIL reply by inserting > signs before
  each line and appending a MAIL_SIGNATURE file at the end.
  The MAIL_SIGNATURE logical name may be defined in the login.com 
  file to point to a file that contains the user signature.

5 W 
  Toggles between 80 to 132 column mode. The line wrap feature 
  is also adjusted accordingly.

4 CONTROL_keys
  All CONTROL keys are activated by pressing the CONTROL key and 
  the specific key together. The Control key is usually on the 
  left side of the keyboard marked CTRL.

5 A 
  Toggles between Insert and Overstrike mode

5 B
  Recall previous editing commands. Please note that these are 
  commands and not keystrokes.

5 D 
  Delete Tab marks that have been inserted in the edit session.

5 E
  Move to the end of the current line. Functionally equivalent 
  to the edt keypad 2.

5 H
  Move to beginning of current line. Functionally equivalent to the BS key.

5 I 
  Inserts a TAB at the current location. Functionally equivalent to 
  the TAB key if present and not re-defined elsewhere.

5 J
  Delete the previous word. This is equivalent to setting the 
  direction in REVERSE and then deleting a word 

5 K
  Learn mode. This allows the user to tie one key to a series of keystrokes
  for the extent of the current edit session. The editor will ask for the
  keystrokes to be learned, and then for the key to tie these to. Keys on the
  main keyboard are not available for re-definition.

5 L
  Insert page break at present location.

5 P 
  The so-called push-Hebrew. Toggles direction of cursor from right-to-left
  and back.

5 R
  Used to end a learn sequence after CTRL/K.

5 U
  Delete from current location to the start of the current line.

5 V
  Insert special characters into the text.

5 W
  Refresh screen.

5 Z 
  Exit from current edit session. Functionally equivalent to the 
  EXIT command and the Exit key (F10).

4 VT200_keys
  
  The following are key definitions specific for vt200 and 
  vt300 emulators and keyboards.

5 F10
  Exit from current session. See also CTRL/Z and EXIT.

5 F11
  Change direction of the buffer to either forward or reverse. 
  See also KP4 or KP5 in the edt help.

5 F12
  BS, or move  to the begining of the current line.

5 F13
  Delete previous word. See also CTRL/J.

5 F14
  Toggle between Insert and Overstrike modes. See also CTRL/A.

5 F17
  Rectangular Select. Select two major corners for a rectangular
  cut and/or paste operation.
                             
5 F18
  Rectangular Remove. Remove the previously selected rectangular region. 
  See also F17.              

5 F19
  Rectangular Insert. Insert in the current location what had been removed
  by a rectangular remove. See also F17,F18.

5 F20
  Insert in current location a box around the selected text area. 
  See also F17.

5 GOLD-F17
  Change screen from two windows to one window.

5 GOLD-F18
  Split currently active window into two windows on the same buffer.

5 GOLD-F19
  Move to previously selected buffer. If there are none, you will be
  so notified.

5 GOLD-F20
  Move to previously selected window. If there are two windows on the screen,
  this is the other window.

5 HELP
  Displays keypad diagram. See also PF2.

5 Do
  Insert editing command. See also GOLD/KP7.

5 FIND
  Search current buffer for a string. You will be prompted for the string.

5 GOLD-FIND
  Search the current buffer for a string that contains a wildcard. The
  wildcard can be either EDT or VI specific. It is by default EDT 
  specific in ET.

5 INSERT_HERE
  Insert at the current location text that is in the paste buffer.

5 GOLD-INSERT_HERE
  Restore Deleted items to current location.

5 REMOVE
  Remove selected text from buffer to the paste buffer. See also SELECT,KP6.

5 GOLD-REMOVE
  Copy selected text to the paste buffer. The text is NOT 
  removed from current location.
  
5 SELECT
  Select text for copy or removal.

5 GOLD-SELECT
  Cancel select option.

2 MAIL            

The MAIL Utility allows you to send and receive messages from 
another user on this computer, or even other computers.You are 
notified when you log in if you have received any new
MAIL messages. 

The command that invokes MAIL is:

	MAIL  and you receive the prompt: MAIL>  

If you have any unread mail messages, you will be notified again 
with a line similar to:

	You have 4 new messages.

3 Sending_a_message

To send a message to another user, you must know his USERNAME. 
The command is: 

MAIL>SEND

Two prompts will be displayed:

to:
Subj:

Enter the suitable answers, and you will then be prompted to 
write your message.
You may exit by using CTRL/Z.
	
3 Reading_a_message

The system will notify you on the arrival of MAIL messages, 
even if you are in the middle of another activity. You must enter 
the MAIL command to read these messages. New messages are located 
in the NEWMAIL folder. When you enter: 
MAIL  you are placed in this folder if there are new messages. 
The different messages are numbered according to the 
time of their arrival. 
To list the number of these messages and other information enter:

MAIL>DIR

To read any message, enter its number. 
For example, to read message number 3, 
Enter:

MAIL>3

3 Deleting_messages       

	Please do NOT use the DELETE file command at the VMSA> 
prompt to delete MAIL messages. Messages may be deleted with 
the delete command within the MAIL program. If you do delete MAIL 
files from VMS please contact the SYSTEM personnel to help you fix it.


3 Exiting

EXIT       		- Leave the MAIL utility, complete deletions
                          and delete WASTEBASKET folder.
QUIT                    - Leave the MAIL Utility, do not complete
                          deletions and the WASTEBASKET folder remains.


3 Folders

Mail messages are organized in folders. The system provides us 
with the following three folders: 

o NEWMAIL     - contains messages which have arrived 
                and have not been read.
o MAIL        - contains messages that have been read.
o WASTEBASKET - contains messages deleted from a folder. These are kept 
                until you EXIT from the MAIL utility. If you change your 
                mind and you want to keep some of the messages you 
                intended to delete, you can move these messages to another 
                folder.	


It is recommended that you organize your mail in different folders. A new 
folder is created with the  MOVE, FILE or CREATE command, after you have 
read a certain letter:

MAIL> 3
MAIL> move
MAIL> 
_folder:

If the folder does not exist, it is created.


3 Commands


The following is a short explanation of the commands available 
from within MAIL. For a more complete discussion, type HELP 
within MAIL:

4 HELP

 HELP       		- Get on-line information about various 
                          mail commands.	

4 SEND

SEND       		- Send a message to another user.
SEND filename           - Send a file to another user.
SEND/SELF		- Send a message and send a copy to yourself.

4 READ

READ 4 or               - Read message number 4 in the current folder. 

4 REPLY

REPLY or ANSWER     	- Answer the last message read.
REPLY/SELF		- Answer the last message read and send 
			  a copy to yourself.

4 ANSWER

REPLY or ANSWER     	- Answer the last message read.

4 DIRECTORY

DIRECTORY  		- List all mail messages in the present folder.
DIRECTORY folder_name  	- List all mail messages in the folder_name 
			  and "put" you there.
DIRECTORY /FOLDER      	- List the folders.

4 MOVE

MOVE       		- Move a mail message to another folder. 

Note: The MOVE command needs the number of the message specified,
or used after reading the message to be printed. 

4 COPY

COPY       		- Copy a message to another folder without 
                          deleting it.

Note: The COPY command needs the number of the message specified,
or used after reading the message to be printed. 

4 SELECT

SELECT folder_name      - Move to folder_name.

4 DELETE

DELETE     		- Delete a mail message from the present 
			  folder and move it to WASTEBASKET folder.	

Note: The PRINT command needs the number of the message specified,
or used after reading the message to be printed. 
For example, in case of DELETE, the order of actions is:

MAIL> 2
MAIL> delete

4 EXTRACT

EXTRACT    		- Copy a mail message into a file.
EXTRACT/NOHEADER  	- Copy a mail message into a file 
                          without the header.

Note: The EXTRACT command needs the number of the message specified,
or used after reading the message to be printed. 

4 PRINT

PRINT      		- Print a mail message.
PRINT/QUEUE=name        - Print a mail message on a specified printer
                          queue

Note: The PRINT command needs the number of the message specified,
or used after reading the message to be printed. 

3 Keypad


As in almost all VMS applications, the numeric keypad
to the right is defined with the most used functions.
The following is a schematic of the keypad for MAIL:








+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|[7mGOLD[m    | HELP   |EXT/MAIL|ERASE   |
|        | DIR/FOL| [7mEXTRAC[m |[7mSEL MAI[m |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| SEND   |  REP   |FORWARD |READ/NEW|
|[7mSEND/EDT[m| [7mREP/EDT[m|  [7mFOR[m   |[7mSHO/NEW[m |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|CURRENT | FIRST  | LAST   | DIR/NEW|
|[7mCUR/EDT[m | [7mFIR/E[m  | [7mLAS/ED[m |[7mDIR MAIL[m|
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| BACK   | PRINT  |  DIR   |        |
| [7mBACK/EDT[m| [7mDPR/NO[m| [7mDIR/END[m| ENTER  |
+--------+--------+--------+        |
|      NEXT       | FILE   |        |
|      [7mNEXT/EDIT[m  | [7mDELET[m  | [7m SEL[m   |
+-----------------+--------+--------+

3 Personalizing_mail       
The following parameters can be defined in order to 
personalize the mail program for you:

4 Personal_name

	A personal name can be defined that will be included 
in any message sent from this account. This is done within MAIL as:

         SET PERSONAL "Avi Levy"

4 Copy_to_self

	You can define mail to send a copy of all mail 
messages you send to yourself, this allows you to keep 
a log of all messages sent as well as received. This is 
done within MAIL as:

         SET COPY_SELF parameter

where parameter can be either or both of send,reply.
To disable this:

         SET COPY_SELF parameter

where parameter can be either or both of nosend,noreply.

4 Message_purge
 The Mail program does not erase deleted messages until 
the PURGE command is given, This can be set to automatically 
purge after every 33000 message bytes by the command:

	SET AUTO_PURGE
If this is not set, then you will have to use the  
PURGE/RECLAIM command every once in a while to clear the 
deleted messages out.

3 Forwarding_address

	If you would like all incoming mail to your account 
to go to another account, a forwarding address may be set. 

4 VMS

A forwarding address to a VMS computer or another account on
the same machine can be set within MAIL as:

MAIL> SET FORWARD user     or

MAIL> SET FORWARD host::user     


4 UNIX

You can also set a forwarding address to a Unix site or 
any LAN site by setting the forwarding address as:

MAIL> SET FORWARD SMTP%"""user@host.domain"""     or

MAIL> SET FORWARD "SMTP%""user@host.domain"""

Please note that the three sets of double quotes are 
important and should NOT be forgotten.

4 Cancelling

To disable a forwarding address after it has been set:

        SET NOFORWARD

3 Editors

 It is possible to define an editor for use in sending 
mail messages, replying to mail messages, and forwarding 
mail messages to other people. The editor that you use 
for this can also be defined and tailored to fit your preferences.

To set the SEND, REPLY and/or FORWARD commands to use an 
editor, insert the following line in your LOGIN.COM file:

$ mail   :== mail/edit=(send,reply=extract,forward)

The default editor that is used is EDT, but you can tailor 
this by defining the following LOGICAL NAME:

$ DEFINE MAIL$EDIT 		"CALLABLE_TPU"

This defines the editor to be used in MAIL as TPU.

The editing environment in MAIL can be further tailored to 
meet your requirements, please see MAIL hints for more information.

3 Hints
The following topics are not necessary to use mail, but do make it easier
occasionally. 

4 Long_names

Occasionally there may be mail files in your directory 
with names such as:

                 MAIL$00040091F26E7EB2.MAI;1             

Please do NOT even try to delete these files. Any MAIL 
message longer than one screen is stored in a files such 
as this. These may be deleted by deleting the relevant message 
from within MAIL. 

To 'hide' these files and clean up your directory the 
following commands may be of use:

        $ MAIL
        MAIL> set mail [.mail]
     ... There will be some messages informing you that 
         a new subdirectory is being created...
        MAIL> exit

All of the above mentioned file types will now be found 
in a subdirectory [username.MAIL]. From now on, all MAIL 
messages will also be stored there.
        
4 Nicknames

Nicknames are useful shortcuts to replace typing in usernames 
that are either hard to remember, or very long.
Nicknames may defined either in the LOGIN.COM file as:

       $ DEFINE nick address
Examples would be:
       
       $ DEFINE joe  VMSA::JOE
       $ DEFINE Roger SMTP%"""ROGER@MITVMA.BITNET"""

4 new_mail_error

Occasionally there are notifications of new mail messages when the mail 
messages do not exist. To be rid of these, simply enter MAIL:

MAIL>READ/NEW

There will be a notice that there are no messages. 
Then type:
MAIL>PURGE/RECLAIM
MAIL>EXIT


2 File_Specifications

In VAX/VMS a file is fully defined by the following:

- The name of the  node  in the network.
- The device  (disk or tape) on which the file resides.
- The directory  in which the file is catalogued.
- The name of the file.
- The type of the file.
- The version number of the file.

The syntax is as follows:

	node::device:[directory]file-name.type;version

For example:

	VMSA::CC$:[ABCOVED.FORTRAN]EXAMPLE.FOR;5

This is the file specification for version 5 of file EXAMPLE.FOR, in
the directory [ABCOVED.FORTRAN] residing on disk CC$, on node VMSA.
You usually do not specify the node or device.

The file name, the file type and the directory may be up to 39 characters.

3 Common_Types

The following file types are commonly used:

C   - for an input source file for the VAX C compiler.
FOR - for an input source file for the VAX FORTRAN compiler.
PAS - for an input source file for the VAX PASCAL compiler.
MAR - for an input source file for Macro-32 assembly.
COM - for DCL command procedure files.
DIR - for directory files.

TEX - for an input source file for the TeX/LaTex compiler.
DVI - for Device Independent intermediate file for TeX.
LN3 - for Printer ready file from TeX/LaTex to the LN03 printer.

OBJ - for object module files (output from a compiler or assembler).
EXE - for executable binary images.

DAT - for data files.
LIS - for output listing files.
LOG - for output of jobs from a batch queue.
JOU - for a journal file used by EDT editor.
TMP - for temporary files.

3 File_Protection
User files are protected by two methods in VAX/VMS:
	o  UIC based protection
	o  ACL based protection

Each user account is assigned a User Identification Code (UIC) 
in the authorization file. The UIC controls access to a users 
files and directories as well as access to devices, queues, 
and other applications.

An Access Control List (ACL) is a type of access that may be 
assigned to a specific user to give access to either files or 
devices. More concerning ACL's is available in the VAX/VMS 
documentation.


4 Categories    
In VAX/VMS there are four different access categories to a file:
  S (System) - Files may be accessed by the system managers,
               or those users having sufficient privilege.

  O (Owner)  - Files may be accessed by the user that created them,
               or that currently owns them.

  G (Group)  - Files may be accessed by users within your 
               department or group.

  W (World)  - Allows access to files by all users.
 
They are best explained in the following diagram:





        ------------------------------------------------------
        |                                            World   |
        |                                                    |
        |      ------------                ----------        |     
        |      |Group     |                |        |        |
        |      |  ------- |                | System |        |
        |      |  |Owner| |                |        |        |
        |      |  |     | |                ----------        |
        |      |  ------- |                                  |
        |      ------------                                  |
        ------------------------------------------------------



4 Codes   

When a file is created, it is assigned a default protection code. 
The protection code decides who can;
                  Read    (R), 
                  Write   (W), 
                  Execute (E), or 
                  Delete  (D) the file.

The owner of the file, or a sufficiently privileged user may set 
the access to the file by allowing access using the codes to any 
of the above categories.


4 Displaying   

To display the default protection assigned to a new file, 
you enter the command:

	$ SHOW PROTECTION

The display is:

	SYSTEM=RWED, OWNER=RWED, GROUP=RE, WORLD=RE

4 Altering

To alter the default protection code you could enter:

	SET PROT=(G:R,W:R)/DEFAULT

This sets new protection defaults to all your files.

To change the protection code of an existing file you could enter:

	SET PROT=(O:RWED,G,W) myfile.dat;1

Verify by entering:

	DIR /PROT myfile.dat

2 Logical Names

A logical name is a name given to a string, usually a file specification 
or a device name. Using logical names reduces typing. You create a 
logical name with the DCL command DEFINE. For example:

	DEFINE MYFILE [ABCOVED.PERSONAL]APPOINTMENTS.LIS

Now, you can use the logical name MYFILE, to refer to 
[ABCOVED.PERSONAL]APPOINTMENTS.LIS as follows:

	TYPE MYFILE
	PRINT MYFILE 

You may remove the logical name by using the DCL command DEASSIGN:

	DEASSIGN MYFILE

If you use a logical name frequently, it is convenient 
to include the DEFINE statement in your LOGIN.COM.

When you write a program you may use logical names to refer to 
input and output files. Before you run the program, you need to 
connect between the logical names and the actual files you wish 
to use. For example, if a FORTRAN program is to read input from a 
file called MY.DAT, the program may contain the statements:

		OPEN (UNIT=8, FILE='IN')
		READ (8,200)
	200	FORMAT (....)

and you would use:

	DEFINE IN MY.DAT

to connect the logical name IN with the file MY.DAT.

You can display all logical names, defined either by you or by the system, 
by entering:

	SHOW LOGICAL

2 Symbols      

Symbols or command synonyms are used in place of a complete command string. 
For example HOME, as follows:

	HOME == "SET DEFAULT SYS$LOGIN"  or  
        HOME :== SET DEFAULT SYS$LOGIN

If you now enter HOME, you'll be back in your main directory.

To see all the defined symbols enter:

	SHOW SYMBOL/ALL

To display system symbols, some of which may be of interest to you, enter:

	SHOW SYMBOL/GLOBAL/ALL

Global symbols, as you will notice, are defined by two equal signs (==).

To delete a symbol, enter:

	DELETE/SYMBOL symbol_name


2 DCL_Commands

The following are examples of the use of some DCL commands. A full 
explanation about DCL commands is given on-line, by the HELP command.
Note that in a DCL command in VAX/VMS is understood by the least
number of letters needed to discern it from another command. In
most cases this is 3 letters.

    (Example: DIR for DIRECTORY is enough, however 
     D is not since it could be confused with DELETE)

3 COPY
	COPY [DECUS.NOTES]BOAT.LIS *.* 	Copy file BOAT.LIS to your default
					directory with the same name.

	COPY *.COM [ABCOVED.COM]*.*	COPY all command files to your 
					subdirectory.	
3 DELETE
	DELETE MYFILE.FOR;5		Delete version 5 of the file. When 
					deleting a file the version must be 
					specified. 

	DELETE/CONFIRM MYFILE.FOR;*	Delete all versions of MYFILE.FOR. You 
					will be prompt to confirm to each 
					deletion.
3 DIFFERENCE
	DIFFERENCES FILE1.FOR FILE2.FOR Compare the two files and list all
                                        the differences. 	

3 DIRECTORY

	DIRECTORY or DIR		List all the files in the default 
					directory.
 
	DIR [...] or DIR [...]*.*	List all the files in the default 
					directory and in the subdirectories 
					under.
 
	DIR /SIZE /DATE *.FOR		List all files whose file_type is FOR,
					their size in 512 byte blocks and the 
					date of modification.

	DIR /SINCE=1-JUN-1987  		List all files created and modified
					since June 1987

	DIR /OUTPUT=LIST.DOC 		Save the listing of files in LIST.DOC.

3 PRINT
	PRINT /COPIES=3 MYFILE.LIS	Print three copies of MYFILE.LIS.

	PRINT [APLCCCA.FORTRAN]*.FOR	Print all FORTRAN files of this	
					directory.	

	PRINT /QUEUE=SYS$LPRINT SAMPLE.LN3  Print SAMPLE.LN3 on the Laser 
					    Printer. 

3 PURGE
	PURGE 				Delete all but the latest version of 
					each file in your default directory.

	PURGE/KEEP=2			Delete all but the two latest versions
					of each file in your default directory.

	PURGE MYFILE.FOR		Delete all but the latest version of 
					MYFILE.FOR in your default directory.

3 RENAME
	RENAME MYFILE.* EXAMPLES.*	Change the file name MYFILE in all 
					files, into EXAMPLES.

3 TYPE
	TYPE MYFILE.FOR 		List the file MYFILE.FOR.

	TYPE/PAGE MYFILE.FOR 		List a page at a time.


2 Changing_Password

To change your password, type the command:

	SET PASSWORD

you will be prompted by:

Old password:
New password:
Verification:

The Old Password is the one used to enter this session.
At the verification prompt, type your new password again.

2 Defining_Keys 

You can save typing by defining a key for a string. For example:

	DEFINE/KEY PF1 "DIRECTORY /DATE /SIZE"

Each time you press the key PF1, the above string will appear on 
the command line. To execute this command define PF1 differently:

	DEFINE/KEY/NOECHO/TERMINATE PF1 "DIRECTORY /DATE /SIZE"
 
The qualifier /NOECHO prevents the command from appearing on the screen, 
and /TERMINATE executes the command.

To delete a definition, the command is:

	DELETE /KEY PF1

To display all key definitions, use the command:

	SHOW KEY/ALL


2 Command_Procedures

A command procedure is a file that contains DCL commands; 
it may also contain input data and comments. DCL commands in 
a command procedure must begin with a dollar sign ($). Text to the 
right of an exclamation mark (!) will be regarded as a comment. 
Commands may be broken down to two or more lines by ending all
but the last line with a minus (-).
A command procedure is invoked by entering its name preceded by
the "at" sign (@) or submitted to a batch queue.

For example, if the file HELLO.COM contains the following lines:

     $!            	HELLO.COM		
     $! This command procedure will give you information.
     $ SHOW TIME
     $ SHOW USERS
     $ SHOW DEFAULT
     $ DIRECTORY /SIZE /DATE

The procedure HELLO.COM is executed by entering: @HELLO 

3 LOGIN.COM

LOGIN.COM is a command procedure that is run automatically when
a user logs into the computer, if it is present. 
The login command procedure file is located in the users main 
directory. This file should contain symbols, logical name definitions, 
key definitions and DCL commands which affect your login session.

The following is an example of a login procedure:

     $ set terminal/inq
     $! define PF keys
     $ define/key PF1 "dir"   		
     $ define/key PF2 "show time"		
     $!
     $! define synonyms
     $ home  = "set default SYS$LOGIN"	! return to main directory
     $ cls   = "type/page nl:"          ! clear the screen
     $ dirs  = "directory/size"	        ! list files, size
     $ up    = "set default [-]"	! go up to a "higher" directory

2 Program_Execution
	
	Creating, debugging and executing a program in VMS is the
	same basic process regardless of which programming language
	you wish to use or are familiar with. VMSA has several
	high level programming languages available for use:

	FORTRAN, PASCAL, C, and MACRO.
	Help for each of these is available under the Help 
	topic for the specific language.

	At each step in the programming process, VMS supplies 
	extensive messages, help, and options to assist you.
	The process to create and run a program is as follows:



		Write the program <-----------            
                      |                       |
                      |                       ^
                Compile the program ---DEBUG--|
                      |                       |
                      |                       |
                Link the program ------DEBUG--|
                      |                       |
                      v                       |
                Run the program -------DEBUG--|
                      |
                      v
                    RESULTS!!

3 Writing

	Creation and writing of a program is through use of an
	editor utility. Some of these are: EDT, TPU, and DSR. 
	The EDT editor is described in the Editor section
	of this Help file. Other editors may be available at your site.
	Check with your System Manager for availability.

3 Compiling

Compiling a program on VMS involves calling the compiler specific
to the language you are using. All VMS compilers have options that
enable you to modify or specify certain aspects of your program.
Examples of the options are:
	/DEBUG
	/LIST
	/DIAGNOSTICS
and different libraries that are available.

Please see the HELP file for the specific language 
you are working with for more information.

The general method for invoking a compiler is:

		compiler MYPROG
where compiler is the name of the compiler, FORTRAN, CC, PASCAL.
The file type of the source program should be FOR for FORTRAN,
C for C language, and PAS for PASCAL.

3 Linking

The VMS Linker converts the binary OBJ file generated by the compiler 
into a binary EXE file that 1) recognizes any VMS dependent routines
needed, and 2) is ready for execution.

Like most compilers, the LINKER also has many options that may be
used to modify your program. Among these are different Object Code
Libraries for graphics, mathematical processing, and input/output.

Object code generated by different languages may be linked together.
This allows certain routines to be written in a language most suitable
and then to be used together. These must conform to the VAX/VMS calling
Procedure. Information on this is available in the VAX/VMS Linker
reference manual, and in the programming manual for the 
specific language.

Please see the HELP LINK topic or the Linker Reference Manual for
more information.

3 Execution

Program execution is either by the RUN command, submission to
a batch queue, or through a spawned process.

The run command runs the program interactively. The only option
available to the run command is to use or not use the DEBUGGER.

Batch submission of a program is discussed in the BATCH topic of
this Help file.

Spawning a process to run a program is more expensive in terms of
system utilities, and is restricted. Most users may spawn only 3
processes besides the one they login with. To spawn a process:

		SPAWN program - to spawn an interactive run.

Help is available on the SPAWN command under HELP SPAWN.

3 DEBUGGER
	
The Symbolic DEBUGGER is a powerful tool to assist you in locating
errors in programs. It is an interactive DEBUGGER with the ability
to give you response on-line in either line mode or screen mode.
See Help DEBUG, or the VAX/VMS DEBUG Reference Manual (Other_Sources)
for more information.

Programs that need to use the DEBUGGER must be compiled with
options- NOOPT and DEBUG (See Compiling), and Linked with 
option- DEBUG. When executed, the DEBUGGER will start automatically.
It is suggested for ease of novice users, that the command:
SET MODE SCREEN be issued immediately, and then HELP.

3 Batch 

	Batch jobs on VMSA may be submitted either:
		a) submitted to the default batch queue, SYS$BATCH
                           limited to 30 minutes CPU time

		b) BATCH to the night batch queue, NIGHT$BATCH,
                           unlimited CPU time, between hours 17:00 and 09:00

		c) BATCH to the slow batch queue, SLOW$BATCH,
                           Limited to 2 hours CPU time and a low priority

4 SUBMIT

All batch jobs must be run from a controlling command procedure. 
This procedure contains the command to RUN the batch job. An example
might be:
	$! MYPROG.com
	$ run MYPROG.exe
	$ exit
This command procedure is then submitted by:
		SUBMIT MYPROG.com

The output from the job, when finished will be found in myprog.log.
	
Other options are also available for the SUBMIT command.
For example:
	
  /AFTER     - to be submitted at a later time.
  /LOG_FILE  - to change the name of the log file.
  /NAME      - to set the name of the process.
  /NOTIFY    - to notify the user, if still logged on, 
               that the job completed.
  /PRINTER   - to send the log automatically to a printer.
  /RESTART   - to automatically restart the job in the event of a system
	       failure.
The Help SUBMIT command gives a fuller explanation of each and includes 
other options.

2 Process_Information

Each user on the system is associated with a process. The system creates a 
process for you when you log in and deletes that process when you log out. 
A process contains all the information that the system needs to execute 
programs for you. Within a process, programs execute one at a time in the 
order in which they are invoked.

The following SHOW commands provide general information:

SHOW PROCESS  - Information on your process: PID, group, quota, etc.

SHOW QUOTA    - Space available for your use on your default device.

SHOW USERS    - All users who are logged in. 

SHOW NETWORK  - Names of other systems linked with yours (nodes) via DECnet.

SHOW SYSTEM   - All "active" processes including the system processes.

SHOW TIME     - Date and time of the day.

2 Process_Privileges
 Privileges restrict various operations.
 The following table lists the privileges and the operations they permit.
 
3 ACNT       
	Create a process or subprocess with          
	accounting disabled (RUN command and         
	SYS$CREPRC system service)                   
3 ALLSPOOL   
	Allocate a spooled device (ALLOCATE command  
	and SYS$ALLOC system service)                
3 ALTPRI     
	Increase base priority and create processes  
	with higher priorities (SYS$SETPRI and       
	SYS$CREPRC system services)                  
3 BUGCHK     
	Make BUGCHK error log entries                
3 BYPASS     
	Access all files bypassing file protection   
3 CMEXEC     
	Change mode to executive (SYS$CMEXEC system  
	service)                                     
3 CMKRNL     
	Change mode to kernel (SYS$CMKRNL system     
	service)                                     
3 DETACH     
	Create a detached process (SYS$CREPRC system 
	service)                                     
3 DIAGNOSE   
	Run online diagnostic programs and read      
	messages written to the error log file       
3 EXQUOTA    
	Exceed disk quotas                           
3 GROUP      
	Affect other processes in the same group     
	(SET QUEUE, DELETE/ENTRY, STOP/ENTRY, and    
	SET PROCESS commands; SYS$SUSPND,            
	SYS$RESUME, SYS$DELPRC, SYS$SETPRI,          
	SYS$WAKE, SYS$SCHDWK, SYS$CANWAK,            
	SYS$FORCEX, and SYS$GETJPI system            
	services)                                    
3 GRPNAM     
	Create and delete group logical names        
	(DEFINE, DEASSIGN, and MOUNT commands;       
	SYS$CRELOG and SYS$DELLOG system services)   
3 GRPPRV     
	Access protected files and other objects     
	within the same group as a system user, and  
	change the protection on files and other     
	objects within the same group                
3 LOG_IO     
	Perform logical I/O operations (SYS$QIO      
	system service)                              
3 MOUNT      
	Mount volumes (SYS$QIO system service)       
3 NETMBX     
	Perform DECnet operations                    
3 OPER       
	Set devices spooled, control queues, control 
	public volumes, broadcast messages, and      
	perform other system-wide operations         
3 PFNMAP     
	Map to physical memory and I/O registers     
3 PHY_IO     
	Perform physical I/O operations (SYS$QIO     
	system service)                              
3 PRMCEB     
	Create and delete permanent common event     
	flag clusters (SYS$ASCEFC and SYS$DLCEFC     
	system services)                             
3 PRMGBL     
	Create global sections (SYS$CRMPSC system    
	service) and install global sections (also   
	requires CMKRNL and SYSGBL privileges)       
3 PRMMBX     
	Create and delete permanent mailboxes        
	(SYS$CREMBX and SYS$DELMBX system            
	services)                                    
3 PSWAPM     
	Disable and enable swapping (RUN command;    
	SYS$CREPRC and SYS$SETSWM system services)   
3 READALL    
	Allow read and control access to all objects 
3 SECURITY   
	Perform security-related activities such as  
	enabling or disabling security audits and    
	setting the system password                  
3 SETPRV     
	Give higher privileges to other processes    
3 SHARE      
	Assign a channel to a device even if the     
	channel is allocated to another device       
3 SHMEM      
	Create global sections and mailboxes in      
	multiport memory (also requires the          
	appropriate PRMGBL, PRMMBX, SYSGBL, and      
	TMPMBX privileges)                           
3 SYSGBL     
	Create system global sections (SYS$CRMPSC)   
	and install known images (also requires      
	CMKRNL and PRMGBL privileges)                
3 SYSLCK     
	Lock system-wide resources (SYS$ENQ system   
	service)                                     
3 SYSNAM     
	Create and delete system logical names       
	(DEFINE, DEASSIGN, and MOUNT commands;       
	SYS$CRELOG and SYS$DELLOG system services)   
3 SYSPRV     
	Access protected files and other objects as  
	a system user, and change the protection on  
	files and other objects                      
3 TMPMBX     
	Create temporary mailboxes (SYS$CREMBX       
	system service)                              
3 VOLPRO     
	Initialize a volume with a different UIC,    
	override an expiration date, mount a volume  
	foreign, and override volume protection      
	(affecting system volumes also requires      
	SYSNAM privilege)                            
3 WORLD      
	Affect all other processes (SET QUEUE,       
	DELETE/ENTRY, STOP/ENTRY, and SET PROCESS    
	commands; SYS$SUSPND, SYS$RESUME,            
	SYS$DELPRC, SYS$SETPRI, SYS$WAKE,            
	SYS$SCHDWK, SYS$CANWAK, SYS$FORCEX, and      
	SYS$GETJPI system services)                  


2 Other_Sources

These books are available for user inspection and use either in 
the Consulting Offices, or in the Computer Center Technical Library.

1. VAX/VMS USER'S MANUAL.
2. INTRODUCTION TO VAX/VMS.
3. EDUCATIONAL SERVICES: VAX/VMS UTILITIES AND COMMANDS.
4. VAX/VMS EDT Reference Manual
5. VAX/VMS DEBUG Reference Manual
6. VAX/VMS Guide to Programming on VAX/VMS






The following locally produced information sources, are 
available in the Computer Center Technical Library.

1. FOVAXHOW - How to run FORTRAN Programs on VAX/VMS 
2. IMSLHOW  - Using the IMSL Library on VAX/VMS.
3. REDUHOW  - REDUCE in VAX/VMS.
4. TEXPRHOW - How to Create a TeX Print File, Using LaTeX, and Print it on
              the LN03 Laser Printer.
5. TOPDRHOW - How to Use Top Drawer Interactively in VAX/VMS.
6. KERMVAXE - Communicating Between VAX/VMS and IBM/CMS Using KERMIT.
7. UGSVXHOW - How to use UGS subroutines.
